264 J.-A. PEMBERTON
In a submission on behalf of the Mexican Committee for the Study of
International Relations, Manuel Marion Sanchez, put forward a some-
what contrasting image of the international legal order. Sanchez pointed
to the myriad and complex relations of interdependence, both material
and spiritual, that now extended across the globe such as in the form
of technical methods, social and political ideals and culture. He char-
acterised these manifold relations in terms of Léon Duguit’s notion of
social solidarity, Émile Durkheim’s notion of moral density, and Kelsen’s
notion of an international legal order ‘transformed into the supreme law
of the stability of the different national systems’. All these expressions,
Sanchez maintained, pointed to a single phenomenon: the ‘harmonisa-
tion of life on a higher plane’ and it was this phenomenon that Sanchez
thought the teaching of international relations should convey.^82
Two Romanian participants, namely, Mihai A. Antonescu and George
Sofronie argued similarly to Sanchez. During the discussions of the uni-
versity teaching of international relations in Prague, Antonescu (who
would later serve as minister of justice and after that deputy prime min-
ister and foreign minister in the dictatorship Ion Antonescu), restated
the argument that he had advanced at the ISC meetings on collective
security in Paris in 1934 and in London in 1935: that sovereignty is nec-
essarily qualified by obligations that are owed to the rest of the interna-
tional law community. He had argued this in Paris and London on the
basis that there is in an important sense in which the identity of the state
qua state is a consequence of its participation in the society of states:
its participation in a civilisation of which it was a particular outpost or
instrument.^83
(^82) Manuel Marion Sanchez, ‘The University Teaching of International Relations,’ in
Zimmern, ed., The University Teaching of International Relations, 37–8.
(^83) Mihai A. Antonesco, ‘The University Teaching of International Relations,’ in
Zimmern, ed., The University Teaching of International Relations, 80–1. See also the fol-
lowing biographical descriptions: ‘Michel A. Antonescu, L.L.D. Assistant Professor of
Public and Private International Law at the Bucharest Academy of Higher Commercial
and Industrial Studies; Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest;
Professor of International Law at the Higher School of Administrative Law; Barrister at the
Court of Appeal Bucharest,’ Maurice Bourquin, ‘Biographical Notes on the Delegates and
Participants at the Conferences of Paris and London, and on the Authors of Memoranda,
Submitted in 1934 and 1935,’ in Bourquin, ed., Collective Security, 493; ‘Antonesco,
Michel A. Lecturer in International Law University of Bucarest [sic], and Academy of
Commercial Science,’ International Studies Conference, ‘Annex 3: List of Participants in
the Session,’ in International Studies Conference, Peaceful Change: Procedures, Population,