402 J.-A. PEMBERTON
to matters of economic competitiveness.’^218 Exemplifying their point, they
drew attention to the ‘social segregation’ between Europeans, Malays and
Chinese in Malaya, observing that this segregation had resulted in a ‘lack of
psychological cohesion’ in Malaya and that this in turn was ‘mainly respon-
sible for the military defeats and the rapid fall of Singapore.’^219
wAr-time PlAns for educAtionAl And culturAl
reconstruction
Discussion of the need to reconstruct lines of intellectual cooperation
throughout the world had been underway since the very outset of the
war. Murray, to whom homage was paid at the Havana conference,
expressed the hope upon the outbreak of the war in Europe that when
peace returned the work of building a société des esprits would resume.
At the same time, he expressed the view that the problems arising in this
area would ‘be much deeper and more far-reaching’ than most of the
problems with which ICIC had had to grapple.^220 With these concerns
in mind, Murray chaired in January 1941 at Oxford a meeting of the
British Council for Education in World Citizenship to which were invited
professors and teachers and the Allied Ministers of Education.^221 Cecil
noted in article on the London Assembly appearing in the first part of
1943, that meetings and conferences or joint committees of a similar
nature were subsequently organised by a number of other associations.
He added that as ‘admirable’ as most of these arrangements were, they
mainly served ‘some particular interest’ and thus ‘did not quite cover
the ground.’ Cecil recorded that a view emerged ‘that something should
(^218) Ibid.
(^219) Ibid.
(^220) Gilbert Murray, From the League to U.N. (London: Oxford University Press, 1948),
199, 212. See also Gilbert Murray, ‘Intellectual Co-operation,’ Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science 235 (1944): 1–9. See also Shotwell, ‘International
Organization,’ 23; Eagleton, ‘Peace Means More Than Political Adjustment,’ 37; and
Cecil, ‘Peace Through International Co-operation,’ 63.
(^221) James P. Sewell, UNESCO and World Politics: Engaging in International Relations
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 35n. See also Viscount Cecil, ‘The London
International Assembly,’ Contemporary Review 163 (1943): 193–97, 193, and Walter H.
C. Laves and Charles A. Thomson, UNESCO: Purpose, Progress, Prospects (Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1957), 19. The Commission for Education in World Citizenship
was established by the British League of Nations Union in 1939.