Slave Soldiers and Islam_ The Genesis of a Military System - Daniel Pipes

Slaves

in

War:

TheHistoricalRecord 47

went

asfaras

they

couldinthedirectionof

using

thesamekind

ofsoldiers.

2. Abbasids
   (132-656/749-1258).

Slavesoldiersdominated

the Abbasid

army

and

government

by

the

mid-3d/gth

cen-

tury.

14

Then, muchlater,

whentheAbbasidsrevivedinthe

7th/13th

century,

slaves

againacquired

a

majormilitary

role.

15

3.

SpanishUmayyads

(138-422/756-1031).

They

alsodevel-

oped

aslave

system

inthe

early

3d/gth

century;

slaves

played

a

consistentlygreat

role

throughout

thelifeofthe

dynasty.

1

At

itsdissolutionin422/1031,several

dynasties

withrulersofslave

originsemerged?

7

4.

Buyids

(320-454/932-1062).Although

tribalsoldiersfrom

the Daylami

mountains

brought

themto

power,

the

Buyids

rapidly

recruitedTurkish

slavesoldiers.This

change

also

sig-

naledashiftfrominfantry

to

cavalry

warfare?

8

5. Fatimids(297-567/909-1171).Likethe
   Buyids,

froman

initial

tribal

army, they quicklydepended

on

militaryslaves,

though

theFatimids

employed

slavesofdiverse

origins,

includ-

ing

Turks,Berbers,Blacks,andSlavs?

9

104.

See

Ahmad; Ayalon,

"Military

Reforms"; Forand,

"Development";

Hamdi;Ismail,

"Muetas.im";

Saidi;T611ner.

105.A.

Hartmann,

"Tiirken

inBagdad

zurZeitder

spitenCAbbisidenam

Beispiel

derHerrschaft

an-Ns.ir

li-DinAllfihs

(1180-1225),"DerIslam 51

(1974):282-97.

106. A.M.CA.F.al-CAbbfidi,
     a-aqfzliba
     f

Isbnya:Lamtta

Can

Aflihim

wa-

Nasha’atihimwa-eAlaqdtihimbi
H.

arakatash-Shuefibfya(Madrid,1373/1953)[Alsoin

Spanish:LosesclavosinEspaha,ojeada

sobresu

origen,desarollo,yrelacion el

movimento

deal

uCubiyya].Lvi-Provenfal,pp.

130-37.

Idem,

Histoirede

l’Espagne

musulmane
(Paris,1950-53),

2:122-30,3:66-85.

107.A.Prieto

y

Vires,LosReyesdeTaifas,estudiohistbrico-numismAticodelos

MusulmanesespaholesenelsigloVde

la

Hbgira(XIde

J.C.)

(Madrid,1926),

pp.

33-41.

108.C.E.Bosworth,

"Militaryorganisation

underthe

Btiylds

ofPersia

and

Iraq,"

Oriens 18-19(1965-66): 143-67.H.Busse,

Chalif

und

Grosskbnig:

die

Buyiden

imIraq(945-1055)(Beirut,1969),

pp.

329-39.M.Kabir,The

Buwayhid

Dynasty
of

Baghdad(334/946-447/1055)(Calcutta,1964),pp.134-44.

109.

J.

Bacharach,"TheUseofBlack

Troops

inMedieval

EgyptandIraq,"

paper

deliveredatAmericanHistoricalAssociation

meeting

in 1975.B.

J.

Beshir,

"Fatimid

MilitaryOrganization,"

DerIslam 55

(1978):

37-56.CA.

M.

Musharrafa,

Nuz.umal-H.

ukm

bi-Mr

f

A.r

al-F.timiyfn(Cairo,1367/1948),

pp.

168-80.

A.R.

Zaki,al-Jayshal-Mi.ffj’lAs.r

al-Islm

(Cairo,1970),pp.23-35.