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- Data on these awards come from their appropriate national entries in Clarke,Gallantry
Medals. - Leading story,Times, 3 November 1855, 6–7.
- Clarke,Gallantry Medals, 59–60.
- Ibid., pp. 54–5.
- Data on these awards come from their appropriate national entries in Clarke,Gallantry
Medals. - Hew Strachan,Wellington’s Legacy: The Reform of the British Army, 1830–54(Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1984), 101. Strachan reports that Napier claimed to be the
first officer to mention the deeds of specific enlisted men in an official dispatch. - Edward M. Spiers,The Army and Society, 1815–1914(London: Longman, 1980), 2–3.
- Spiers,Army and Society, 3–6; Strachan,Wellington’s Legacy, 98–101.
- Jonathan Philip Parry,The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain(New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 168. - John Fletcher Clews Harrison,The Early Victorians, 1832–1851(London: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, 1971), 139–40. - Oliver MacDonagh,Early Victorian Government, 1830–1870 (New York: Holmes & Meier,
1977), 9. - Theodore K. Hoppen,The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846–1886 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1998), 513–14.
15 Correlli Barnett,Britain and Her Army, 1509–1970: A Military, Political and Social Survey(New
York: William Morrow, 1977), 285; Hoppen,The Mid-Victorian Generation, 388; Donald
Southgate,The Passing of the Whigs, 1832–1886(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1962), 148; see
also Harrison,The Early Victorians, 135–8. Ramsay Skelley reported 58.5 percent of recruits
as being able to read and write as of 1861. This increased to just under 90 percent by - See Ramsay Skelley,The Victorian Army at Home: The Recruitment Terms and Conditions of
the British Regular,1859–1899(London: Croom Helm, 1977), 310. - Mary Poovey,Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830–1864(Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 1995), 4, 8. - Harrison,The Early Victorians, 144–5.
- Parry,Rise and Fall, 16; see also British Broadcasting Company,Ideas and Beliefs of the Victorians
(London: Sylvan Press, 1949), 56. - Geoffrey Francis Andrew Best,Mid-Victorian Britain, 1861–1875(New York: Shocken
Books, 1972), 230–1. - Spiers,Army and Society, 99–100, 106.
- Letter from ‘A Civilian’ to the Editor ofThe Times, 11 January 1855, 5. Chosen as an
example of many similar letters published. See also an untitled editorial criticizing the
command of Sir Richard England, 11 December 1854, 6, and Letter from ‘An Old
Soldier’ to the Editor, 20 December 1854, 8, condemning the staff in the field for
aggrandizing themselves with meaningless brevet promotions while combat officers
went without notice in promotion and dispatches, quoting the statistic that of 52
captains promoted to the rank of major, 40 were staff officers. Actual combat soldiers
(officers) were quickly forgotten and went unrewarded. The issue of 26 December 1854
devoted all of page 9 to letters from men in the Crimea reporting the lack of action,
the lack of proper facilities, the lack of proper equipment, and of growing malaise. - Anderson,A Liberal State at War, 55–6.
- Untitled Lead Story,Times, 3 January 1855, 6.