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new ministry, see Lord Beaverbrook’s two-volumePoliticians and the Great War, 1914–1918
(London: Butterworth, 1928, 1932; reprint, London: Archon Books, 1968), espe-
cially 494–533. For a more recent critique of the rise of the War Cabinet, see John
Turner,British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915–1918(New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 142–8. See also John Turner, ‘Cabinets, Commit-
tees and Secretariats: The Higher Direction of the War,’ in Kathleen Burk, ed.,War
and the State: The Transformation of British Government, 1914–1918(London: George Allen &
Unwin, 1982).
- David French,The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918(Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1995), 156–7;Paul Guinn, British Strategy and Politics, 1914 to 1918(Oxford: The Clarendon
Press, 1965), 191, 196–7; Woodward,Lloyd George and the Generals, 134–5, Turner,Coalition
and Conflict, 124–5; Haig,Private Papers, 31–2. - French,Lloyd George Coalition, 110–12.
- Ibid., 6–9.
- Wilson,Myriad Faces of War, 439–40.
- Ibid.; French,Lloyd George Coalition, 290;Guin, British Strategy and Politics, 207; Woodward,
Lloyd George and the Generals, 133. - Haig,Private Papers, 20.
- Guin,British Strategy and Politics, 201; Haig,Private Papers, 208–9. ‘Wigram’ is Sir Clive
Wigram, Privy Secretary to King George V. - John Turner, ‘British Politics and the Great War,’ in John Turner, ed.,Britain and the
First World War(London: Unwin & Hyman, 1988), 128; Woodward,Lloyd George and the
Generals, 223. - Harvey A. DeWeerd, ‘Churchill, Lloyd George, Clemenceau: The Emergence of the
Civilians,’in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, Edward Meade
Earle, ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943), 298–300. - French,Lloyd George Coalition, 58–9; Guin,British Strategy and Politics, 200–1.
- Woodward,Lloyd George and the Generals, 232, 245–7.
- Turner, Coalition and Conflict, 158, 162.
- Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson,Passchendaele: The Untold Story(New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1996), 29–31; Philpott,Anglo-French Relations and Strategy, 101–2; Turner,
Coalition and Conflict, 155; Wilson,Myriad Faces of War, 444–5. - Gerard de Groot,Douglas Haig, 1861–1928(London: Unwin & Hyman,1988), 312;
Johnson, Breakthrough!, 190; Prior and Wilson, Passchendaele, 31–3; Philip Warner,
Passchendaele: The Story Behind the Tragic Victory of 1917(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987),
131–2. - Prior and Wilson,Command on the Western Front, 266–7; John Terraine,The Road to
Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive of 1917, A Study in Inevitability(London: Leo Cooper, 1977),
23–4. Letter from Robert Nivelle to Douglas Haig, 21 December 1916. - Stephen Badsey, ‘Cavalry and the Development of Breakthrough Doctrine,’ in Griffith,
ed.,Fighting Methods, 158–9; Anthony Clayton, ‘Robert Nivelle and the French Spring
Offensive of 1917,’ in Brian Bond, ed., Fallen Stars:Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military
Disasters(London: Brassey’s UK, 1991), 57, 59; Andy Simpson,The Evolution of Victory:
British Battles of the Western Front, 1914–1918(London: Tom Donovan, 1995), 78–80. - Paddy Griffith,Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army’s Art of the Attack, 1916–18
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 85. - Clayton, ‘Robert Nivelle,’ 59.