Eastern and Central Europe (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

THE HISTORY OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE 35

BAROQUE ROCOCO

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850

1804 First Serbian Uprising

begins the process of freeing

Serbia from Ottoman control

1812 Napoleon Bonaparte invades

Russia but is defeated by the ele-

ments, losing most of his troops in

a disastrous winter retreat

1600 Prince

Michael the Brave

briefly unites

Wallachia, Moldavia

and Transylvania to

form a state corre-

sponding to

modern Romania

1629 Estonia passes

into Swedish hands

1683 Ottoman Turks lay

siege to Vienna but

are beaten back by the

combined armies of

Austria and Poland

1721 Sweden surrenders Estonia

and Latvia to Peter the Great

of Russia

1829 Serbia

is formally

recognized

as an inde-

pendent

principality

1867 The Habsburg Empire

is divided into Austrian

and Hungarian halves,

and becomes the Austro-

Hungarian Empire

1877–8 Russia defeats Ottoman

armies in Bulgaria; establishment

of independent

principality of Bulgaria

1878 Austria-Hungary

annexes Bosnia

and Herzegovina

1850–70 Bulgarian architecture

blossoms with styles imported

from both East and West

1885 Neo-Gothic style reaches

new heights in the form of the Hungarian

Parliament building (see pp348–9)

1680s Austrian military

architects begin construction

of Tvrđa Fortress

(see p28) in Osijek

1703 Peter the

Great founds

St Petersburg

1716 Vienna’s

sublime

Karlskirche

(see p405)

built by

Fischer von

Elach

1754 Francesco

Bartolomeo Rastrelli

begins construction

of St Petersburg’s

Winter Palace

(see pp150–51)

1897 Gustav Klimt and others

form the Vienna Secession in

a direct challenge to the

established art world

NEO-CLASSICAL REALISM AND IMPRESSIONISM