372 notes to pages 16‒22
- Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of
the National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1998). - American military expenditures dwarf those of any other nation,
amounting to roughly half of the world’s entire defense outlays. - Sherry, In the Shadow of War ; Andrew D. Grossman, Neither Dead Nor
Red: Civilian Defense and American Political Development during the Early
Cold War (New York: Routledge, 2001). - Andrew J. Bacevich, Th e New American Militarism: How Americans Are
Seduced by War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 2. - Bacevich, New American Militarism , 22ff.
- See Jane Mayer, “Th e Predator War,” Th e New Yorker , October 26, 2009,
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/10/26/091026fa_fact_mayer. - Robert F. Turner, “Th e War on Terrorism and the Modern Relevance of
the Congressional Power to ‘Declare War,’” Harvard Journal of Law and
Public Policy 25 (Spring 2002): 519–37. - On the timing of these votes see Gary R. Hess, Presidential Decisions for
War: Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq , 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2009) , “Conclusion.” - United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp ., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
- Th e Supreme Court had suff ered a loss of prestige from its Dred Scott
(1857) decision, and Chief Justice Taney was in a particularly compro-
mised position because of his role in that case—Lincoln had frequently
condemned the ruling. Lincoln made clear early in the Civil War that he
would disregard the judiciary if it interfered with his eff orts to put down
the rebellion. - Bacevich, New American Militarism , 40–54.
- Bacevich, New American Militarism , 19.
- Conventional wars settled by recourse to mechanized arms were fought
primarily in the Middle East, including several confl icts between Israel
and its Arab neighbors, the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, and the 1991
Persian Gulf War. India and Pakistan also fought wars on the same model. - On the general concept of revolutions in military aff airs, see MacGregor
Knox and Williamson Murray, eds., Th e Dynamics of Military Revolution,
1300–2050 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). - General Rupert Smith, Th e Utility of Force: Th e Art of War in the Modern
Wo rl d (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007). - In his infl uential book on the presidency, Stephen Skowronek sug-
gests similarly that the three historical logics of continuity, change, and
recurrence establish the framework for explaining presidential leadership
across time. He identifi es the Constitution as the source of continuity,
describes broad modernizing trends in American politics as a key source
of change, and sees the rise and decline of partisan governing coalitions
and presidents’ relationships to those coalitions as creating recurrent