Conclusion The final section of an essay or report (see Unit 1.10)
Contraction A shortened form (e.g. she’s, I’d)
Criteria(singular – criterion) The principles on which something is judged or based
Deadline The final date for completing a piece of work
Draft The first attempt at a piece of writing
Edited book A book with contributions from a number of writers,
controlled by an editor
Extract A piece of text taken from a longer work
Flow chart Diagram that illustrates the stages of a process
Formality In written work, the use of a non-idiomatic style and
vocabulary
Format The standard pattern of layout for a text
Heading The title of a section of text
Higher degree A Master’s degree or Doctorate
Hypothesis A theory that a researcher is attempting to explore/test
Introduction The first part of an essay or article (see Unit 1.10)
Journal An academic publication in a specialised area, usually
published quarterly (see Unit 1.2)
Literature review A section of an article describing other research on the
topic in question (see Unit 4.3)
Main body The principal part of an essay, after the introduction
and before the conclusion
Margin The strip of white space on a page around the text
Module Most academic courses are divided into modules, which
examine a specified topic
Outline A preparatory plan for a piece of writing (see Unit 1.4)
Paraphrase A rewriting of a text with substantially different
wording and organisation but similar ideas
Peer-review The process of collecting comment from academic
authorities on an article before publication in a journal;
this system gives increased validity to the publication
Phrase A few words that are commonly combined (see
Unit 1.1)
298 Glossary