most elaborate waterworks dedicated to the cult of water are found at royal
estates in the Cuzco heartland.
Although the hanan/hurin division most likely was applied to most, if not all,
settlements, its identification remains speculative; there are no architectural
features defining it. Equally speculative is the existence of ceque systems at sites
outside of Cuzco. Specific astronomical alignments of buildings and other
elements, on the other hand, have been demonstrated to exist at many sites.
Inca settlement planning played a strategic role in the expansion and
governance of the Inca Empire. It allowed Cuzco to keep in contact with far
away settlements, facilitated the swift movement and provision of the armies, the
political integration and control of local populations, and supported the economy
of the state. The settlements were a symbol and reminder of the power of the
Inca.
Further Reading
Agurto Calvo, Santiago. Estudios acerca de la construcción, arquitectura, y planeamiento inca. Lima:
Camera Peruana de la Construcción, 1987.
Canziani Amico, José. Ciudad y territorio en los Andes: Contribuciónes a la história del urbanismo
prehispánico. Lima: Fondo editorial, Pontífica Unviversidad Católica del Perú, 2009.
Gasparini, Graziano, and Luise Margolies. Inca Architecture. Translated by Patricia Lyon. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1980.
Hardoy, Jorge E. Ciudades Precolombinas. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Infinito, 1964.
Hyslop, John. Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
Morris, Craig. “State Settlement in Tawantinsuyu: A Strategy of Compulsory Urbanism.” In Contemporary
Archaeology, edited by M. P. Leone, 393–401. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972.
von Hagen, Adriana, and Craig Morris. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames and Hudson,
1998.
■JEAN-PIERRE PROTZEN
POLO ONDEGARDO, JUANBorn in Valladolid, Spain, about 1520 and arriving in Peru in 1544, Polo
Ondegardo was a noted jurist, viceregal functionary, owner of a grant of
encomienda (protector of Natives with rights to collect tribute from them), as
well as a prodigious producer of legal, historical, and cultural documents.
Polo Ondegardo spent years in Lima, Cuzco, and Charcas (in central Bolivia,
near the mining town of Potosí) from the mid-1540s until his death, in 1575.
He knew a great deal about the Andean world during the period beginning a
decade after the Spanish conquest, particularly as he was commissioned to