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■JEAN-PIERRE PROTZENQUECHUA
Quechua is a linguistic family made up of dialects that are very different from
each other, to the extent that people who speak one may not understand another.
One of those forms became the “common language” toward the end of the Inca
Empire, disappearing after the Spanish conquest and the subsequent dismantling
of the political and administrative system that had sustained and promoted it. An
agglutinative language, in which words are formed by adding suffixes, Quechua
is very similar to Aymara, not because of a genetic relationship, but because of
contact between speakers of the two, so that Quechua was molded by Aymara.
As in autocratic societies such as the Inca Empire, the language did not have
its own name; terms such as Quechua or runa-simi (meaning “language of the
runas” or Indians) were coined later, after the Spanish conquest had given rise to
an established Colonial power. The name Quechua appears in early lexical and
grammatical treatises written in the second half of the sixteenth century. The
term runa-simi appeared during the period of the viceroyalty, and set the
language apart from the “language of Castille,” spoken by the Spaniards, by
designating it the “language of the Indians,” or runas. The term runa-simi is not
the original name, as is often believed, because it was coined by the Spaniards in
a context of Colonial domination. Quechua also is not the original name. That
word means “land of temperate climate,” referring, both ethnically and
ecologically, to the people living in the area. Many places therefore bear the
name Quechua, in different phonetic versions, depending on the local dialect.