status residents (ayllus) who collectively oversaw state ceremonies and
religious celebrations within the capital city. In his early studies, Zuidema
was concerned primarily with the structural properties of the ceque system,
particularly as they related to Andean forms and principles of social and
kinship organization, as well as certain presumed marriage patterns, which, he
thought, were crucial for the reproduction of political relations among the
panacas and ayllus over time. His attention increasingly turned to questions
concerning the historicity of the ceque system, the place of mythology in
rationalizing the structures of the system, and the temporalities of the system
as they were realized in what he termed the “ceque calendar.”
Further Reading
Salomon, Frank. “The Historical Development of Andean Ethnology.” Mountain Research and
Development 5, no. 1: 79–98, 1985.
Urton, Gary. “R. Tom Zuidema, Dutch Structuralism, and the Application of the ‘Leiden Orientation’ to
Andean Studies.” In Structure, Knowledge, and Representation in the Andes: Studies Presented to
Reiner Tom Zuidema on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. Journal of the Steward Anthropological
Society 24, no. 1–2: 1–36, 1996.
Zuidema, R. Tom. The Ceque System of Cuzco: The Social Organization of the Capital of the Incas.
Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1964.
———. El calendario inca: Tiempo y espacio en la organización ritual del Cuzco: La idea del pasado.
Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú and Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, 2010.
■GARY URTON