Press, 1996); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks
and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, Mass.
and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
1983).
Clouet, François (c. 1510–1572) French artist
Born at Tours, the son of the Flemish-born painter Jean
(or Janet) Clouet (c. 1485–1541), François Clouet inher-
ited his father’s position as official painter to Francis I of
France. Subsequently painter to Henry II and Charles IX,
Clouet continued in the tradition established by his father,
executing notable portraits of the Valois court and a num-
ber of genre paintings. His portraits include those of Diane
de Poitiers (National Gallery, Washington), Pierre Quthe
(1562; Louvre, Paris), Charles IX (1570; Kunsthis-
torisches Museum, Vienna), and Lady in her Bath (c. 1570;
National Gallery, Washington), which was probably mod-
eled on Marie Touchet, mistress of Charles IX. Although
his formal portraits were influenced by the works of his fa-
ther, his more informal works bore the mark of Italian
artists, while his genre paintings followed the style of the
Netherlandish school. Clouet was also noted as a brilliant
draftsman and many of his drawings survive in the Musée
Condé in Chantilly.
Clovio, Giulio (Jure Clovi1) (1498–1578) Croatian-born
painter
Clovio was born in Grizane, but lived in Italy after 1516
and probably studied under GIULIO ROMANOin Rome.
After the sack of Rome (1527), in which he was captured,
Clovio escaped and took holy orders. He was renowned as
a miniaturist, demonstrating his pre-eminence in this field
in such sequences as his illustrations of the victories of
Emperor Charles V (British Library, London) and those in
the manuscript life of Federico, Duke of Urbino (Vatican
Library). Other commissions included decorations in the
Palazzo FARNESE and a Pietà (1553; Uffizi, Florence).
Clovio also helped and encouraged the young El GRECO
on his arrival in Rome.
Clusius, Carolus (Charles de l’Ecluse) (1526–1609)
Franco-Flemish physician and botanist
Clusius was born into a Lutheran family in Arras. From
his travels in Spain, Portugal, France, Hungary, and Aus-
tria he introduced many new garden plants, especially
bulbs, to western Europe. The imperial garden in Vienna,
which he controlled from 1573 to 1587, was a source of
plants from the East, including tulips from Turkey. Clusius
was soon acknowledged by his contemporaries as the
leading botanical authority of his day, and in addition to
personal contacts made on his travels he had a network of
correspondents throughout Europe. A number of the New
World plants that he obtained were collected with the as-
sistance of Sir Francis DRAKE. He was an accomplished lin-
guist and aided the circulation of fellow botanists’
vernacular works by publishing Latin translations or
abridgments of them. Among texts to receive this treat-
ment were two on Indian plants and spices: Garcia da
Orta’s Portuguese Coloquios dos Simples, e Drogas he
Cousas Mediçinais da India (1563) and Cristoval Acosta’s
Spanish Tractado de las Drogas y Medicinas de las Indias
Orientales (1578), of which Clusius published abridg-
ments in 1567 and 1582 respectively. He performed the
same service in 1574 for a book on plants of the New
World, Nicolas Monardes’ Dos Libros...de nuestras Indas
Occidentales (two parts, 1569, 1571). His own first origi-
nal work to be published was Rariorum aliquot stirpium per
Hispanias observatarum historia (1576), the fruit of a
botanizing expedition he had made to Spain and Portugal.
His magnum opus, Rariorum plantarum historia, was pre-
pared during his years as professor at Leyden, where he re-
planned the university’s BOTANIC GARDEN (Hortus
Academicus) in 1594; it was published, as many of his
books had been, by the Plantin press in 1601.Cochanovius, Joannes See KOCHANOWSKI, JANCochlaeus, Johannes (Johann Dobneck) (1479–1552)
German humanist and Roman Catholic controversialist
He was born at Wendelstein, near Schwabach, and studied
philosophy at Nuremberg (where he was a protégé of
PIRCKHEIMER) and Cologne. He was a Platonist and critical
of the scholastics. About 1518 he was ordained priest in
Rome, and from 1521 he was a bitter opponent of LUTHER.
In 1525 he strenuously opposed the printing of TYNDALE’s
New Testament at Cologne. From 1526 he was a canon of
Mainz, transferring to Meissen around 1535 and thence to
Breslau (Wrocław, now in Poland) in 1539. His history of
the HUSSITESin 12 books and his commentary on the
words and deeds of Luther in the period 1517–46, both
appeared in 1549.Codussi, Mauro (Mauro Coducci) (c. 1440–1504)
Italian architect
Although he was born near Bergamo, Codussi was active
from 1469 in Venice, where he developed a distinctive
style based upon the classical architecture of Florence and
central Italy. Early buildings included the church of San
Michele in Isola (1469–79), which was the first Renais-
sance church in Venice. San Zaccaria (1483) and the
Scuola Grande di San Marco (1485–95) are notable for
their facades. The influence of ALBERTI’s principles of ar-
chitecture is evident in many of Codussi’s buildings, in-
cluding his best-known edifices, the Torre dell’ Orologio
(1496–99) and the Procurazie Vecchie (begun 1496) on
the Piazza San Marco. Other major projects undertaken by
Codussi were the churches of Sta. Maria Formosa (rebuilt
1492–1502) and San Giovanni Crisostomo (c. 1500), the
latter being the first centrally planned Venetian church,
the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista (1498),11008 8 CClloouueett,, FFrraanncc ̧ ̧ ooiiss