Robert’s Calvinist sympathies took him to Geneva in
1550, while his brother Charles (1504–64) continued
printing in Paris. Charles was a man of extensive learning,
compiler of the popular Praedium rusticum (1554) collec-
tion of agricultural tracts and author of the first French
encyclopedia (1553) and of the anatomical textbook De
dissectione (1548). There he was followed by his nephew
Robert II (1530–71), who also became a royal printer in
- In Geneva Robert I was succeeded by his sons
Henry II (1528–98), who brought out a Greek thesaurus
(1572) to match his father’s Latin one, and Francis
(1537–82). His grandson Paul (1567–1627), son of Henry
II, eventually returned to Paris, where his son Antoine
(died 1674) was the last of the dynasty and another royal
printer.
The Estienne books combined scholarship and good
design in a long series of 16th-century classical editions,
from the Paris complete Cicero to the Geneva first edi-
tions of Anacreon and Plutarch.
Estius (Willem Hessels van Est) (1542–1613) Dutch
Roman Catholic martyrologist and commentator
He was born at Gorinchem (Gorcum), educated at
Utrecht, and from 1561 studied at Louvain under Michel
Baius (see BAIANISM). From 1582 he was professor of the-
ology at Douai, becoming chancellor of the university in
- His history of the martyrs of Gorcum (killed by the
Protestants) appeared in 1603. He was the author of com-
mentaries on the works of Peter Lombard, the epistles of
St. Paul, and the catholic epistles (i.e. the letters of James,
Peter, John, and Jude not addressed to specific churches),
and also made notes for an edition of St. Augustine. His
zeal against the Protestants was such that it led him to de-
fend the murder of WILLIAM THE SILENT, Prince of Orange
(1584).
etching See ENGRAVING
Eugenius IV (1383–1447) Pope (1431–47)
Born in Venice as Gabriele Condulmaro, Eugenius fol-
lowed Pope Martin V’s example in battling for restoration
of papal supremacy over the Church. In December 1431
he attempted to exert this authority by adjourning the
Council of BASLEand ordering its members to reassemble
at some later date in Bologna. The council refused to ad-
journ and reasserted the counter-claim of conciliar su-
premacy. Eugenius gave way and in 1433 withdrew the
decree of dissolution. In 1434 riots in Rome compelled
him to flee to Florence, which remained his headquarters
for nine years; in this time he met many leading writers
and artists. Eugenius decreed the dissolution of the coun-
cil again in September 1437 and ordered its removal to
Ferrara to discuss the possibility of reconciliation with the
Greek Church. In consequence, those who remained in
council at Basle deposed Eugenius (1439) and elected in
his place Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy as Pope Felix V
(1439–49). In the same year Eugenius succeeded in pass-
ing a short-lived act of union between Greek and Roman
churches, thus increasing his own prestige and undermin-
ing that of the council. Although he did not succeed in
getting rid of the antipope, he did manage to return to
Rome (1443), where he died.
Despite the upheavals of his papacy, Eugenius found
time to be a patron of humanist learning. He reestablished
the university of Rome in 1431, and Leon Battista ALBERTI,
Poggio BRACCIOLINI, and Flavio BIONDOwere among those
whom he employed in the Curia.Euphuism The English prose style that took its name
from the romance Euphues (1578, 1580) by John LYLY. Its
principal characteristic is the elaborate patterning of sen-
tences by means of antithesis, alliteration, and similar
rhetorical devices. It also makes heavy use of mythologi-
cal and other allusions. A typical example is the metaphor
used by Philautus: “as the fish Scolopidus in the flood
Araris at the waxing of the Moon is as white as the driven
snow, and at the waning as black as the burnt coal, so Eu-
phues, which at the first increasing of our familiarity was
very zealous, is now at the last cast become most faith-
less.” This highly artificial shaping of prose was a radical
departure from the rambling constructions of Lyly’s con-
temporaries and set a considerable fashion.Eustachio, Bartolommeo (1520–1574) Italian
anatomist
Born the son of a physician at San Severino, Eustachio fol-
lowed his father in his choice of career. He was initially
physician to the duke of Urbino and to his brother Cardi-
nal Giulio DELLA ROVERE, and then (1549) moved to Rome
where he taught at the papal college, being appointed pro-
fessor of anatomy in 1562. In his best-known work, Opus-
cula anatomica (1564), Eustachio described the anatomy
of the ear, identifying the eponymous Eustachian tube
which joins the middle ear to the nasopharynx. The work
also contained a description of the kidney in which Eu-
stachio provided the first published account of the adrenal
glands. Much of the impact of Eustachio’s work, however,
was lost by the absence of the illustrative plates. Discov-
ered many years after his death, they were finally pub-
lished in 1714.Eworth, Hans (Hans Ewoutsz.) (c. 1515–c. 1574)
Flemish portrait painter
Eworth was born in Antwerp and may possibly be identi-
fied with the “Jan Euworts” mentioned as a freeman of the
St. Luke guild in that city in 1540; however, his fame dates
from his arrival in the late 1540s in England, where he
spent the rest of his life. The earliest of his dated paint-
ings, signed with his monogram HE, is from the year- Thirty-five portraits can either definitely or proba-
EEwwoorrtthh,, HHaannss 1 16699