(1507). In general he avoided war, but in 1513 treaty
obligations with France compelled him to invade Eng-
land. He was defeated and killed at the battle of Flodden.
Jamnitzer family The leading family of German
goldsmiths and silversmiths in the 16th and 17th
centuries, working in Nuremberg. Wenzel Jamnitzer
(1508–85), the greatest of the family, moved with his
father Hans (died c. 1549) and brother Albrecht (died
1555), both goldsmiths, to Nuremberg from Vienna
sometime before 1534. His preeminence as a craftsman
and contribution to the city’s prosperity were recognized
in his appointment as master of the city mint (1552) and
in further civic positions. He was court goldsmith to four
Hapsburg emperors. His work, which was extremely
ornate, includes elaborate table centers, goblets, and a
richly ornamented jewel casket. A design also exists for a
magnificent bearing sword for Charles V. Particularly
famous is the huge table fountain made for Emperor
RUDOLF II, an allegory both of Hapsburg rule and of the
various types of knowledge (1578). Jamnitzer worked in
the mannerist style, and is known particularly for using
naturalistic casts of insects, lizards, grasses, and shells as
decoration, setting the fashion for this in Germany (it was
already established in Italy). An example is his mother-of-
pearl and silver-gilt ewer in the shape of a snail (c. 1570).
His figures, such as the caryatids for Rudolf’s table
fountain, show him to have been a gifted sculptor. He also
made mathematical and astronomical instruments, and
published a book on mathematics, mechanics, and
architecture, Perspectiva corporum regularium (1568).
Wenzel’s son Hans (c. 1538–1603) and Albrecht’s son
Bartel (c. 1548–c. 1596) carried on the workshop and pro-
duced several fine pieces. Christoph (1563–1618), the son
of Hans the Younger, was again a highly talented crafts-
man, approaching his grandfather’s brilliance. His more
complex work, in a mannerist style verging on the
Baroque, includes a goblet in the form of an angel and a
table fountain in the form of an elephant. He probably vis-
ited Italy, and he too produced work for Emperor Rudolf
II. In 1610 he published his Neuw Groteszken Buch, a col-
lection of decorative designs which included grotesque
fantasies.
Janequin, Clément (c. 1485–1558) French composer
He may have been educated in his native Châtellerault. In
1505 he was a “clerc” in Bordeaux, and in 1523 he entered
the service of the bishop there. He collected various ec-
clesiastical appointments, and in the 1530s was maître de
chapelle in the cathedrals of Auch and Angers. He proba-
bly moved to Paris in the 1540s, but was certainly there
from 1549, and he spent the rest of his life there. In 1530
he wrote a chanson to celebrate the entry of Francis I into
Bordeaux, but it was not until the 1550s that he joined the
court as a singer and then compositeur ordinaire. He is best
remembered for his chansons, ranking with Claudin de
SERMISYas the foremost exponent of the genre. His lengthy
programmatic chansons such as Le chant des oiseaux and
La bataille are well known, but the bulk of his output
comprises short, pithy works with a good deal of imitation
and clearly defined rhythmic patterns. There is often a
popular or rustic aspect to these works. Janequin also set
metrical versions of psalm texts and a small number of
motets and two Masses. The Masses are both closely based
on two of his own chansons.Jeanne d’Albret (1528–1572) Queen of Navarre
(1555–72)
She was the daughter of Henry II d’Albret, King of
Navarre, and in 1548 she married Antoine de Bourbon,
who succeeded to the throne of Navarre on her father’s
death. Like her mother MARGUERITE DE NAVARRE, she was
assertively Protestant, and when Antoine died of wounds
sustained in the opening hostilities of the French Wars of
RELIGION(1562), Jeanne became regent for her young son
Henry III of Navarre (later HENRY IVof France), bringing
him up in her own faith. Shortly before her death she
arranged his marriage to Margaret of Valois, sister of
Charles IX of France.Jeanne Françoise de Chantal, St. (Jane Frances of
Chantal) (1572–1641) French religious
The daughter of a wealthy lawyer, she married Christophe
de Rabutin, Baron de Chantal, in 1592 and bore him four
children before his death (1601) in a riding accident. In
1604 she heard FRANCIS DE SALESpreach in Dijon and
placed herself under his spiritual direction. In 1610 she
and Francis traveled to Annecy, where they formed the
Congregation of the Visitandines, an association of
women dedicated to contemplation and charitable works.
Although this was founded especially for women who did
not feel suited to an enclosed life, the Church authorities
demanded that its members adopt such a rule in 1615. It
became a full monastic order (the Visitation Order) in
1618 and grew rapidly under Jeanne’s leadership, having
86 houses at the time of her death. It also established some
of France’s first schools for girls and played a pioneering
role in women’s education during the 17th and 18th cen-
turies.Jena A city in south central Germany on the River Saale.
Probably of ninth-century origins, the city was chartered
in 1230 and ruled by the Margraves of Meissen from the
mid-13th century until it passed to the elector of Saxony
(1423). The university, founded in 1548 and granted uni-
versity status in 1577, was a stronghold of Lutheran schol-
arship. Notable buildings which have survived from the
Renaissance period include the Black Bear inn (where
LUTHERsheltered after his flight from Wartburg), the 14th-
century town hall, and St. Michael’s church (1438–1528).22558 8 JJaammnniittzzeerr ffaammiillyy