After Luther’s death (1546) his movement was increas-
ingly rent by internal divisions, resulting in the virtual ex-
clusion of the Melanchthonite wing in the Formula of
CONCORD(1577).
See also: HYMNODY; LITURGY
Further reading: Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation:
Europe’s House Divided 1400–1700 (London: Allen Lane,
2003), as The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin
Viking, 2004); Bodo Nischan, Lutherans and Calvinists in
the Age of Confessionalism (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate,
1999).
Luzzaschi, Luzzasco (c. 1545–1607) Italian composer
Luzzaschi studied with Ciprìen de ROREin Ferrara and in
1561 became a singer at the Este court there. In 1564 he
became court organist, but was also active as a composer
and teacher. FRESCOBALDIwas among his pupils. Luzzaschi
was also organist at Ferrara cathedral and the Accademia
della Morte. By 1570 he was directing the duke’s chamber
music. It was here that the celebrated “singing ladies” of
Ferrara, remarkable virtuoso singers, performed for pri-
vate audiences, and Luzzaschi composed madrigals for
them. His Madrigali per cantare, et sonare a 1–3 soprani
(1601) contains some of these pieces with their fully no-
tated keyboard accompaniments. From 1597 Luzzaschi
served Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, who took over Fer-
rara from the Este when the city passed to the papacy. Luz-
zaschi wrote some sacred works, but his madrigals are his
best-known compositions. His five-part madrigals were
his most popular works, and, while not very innovatory in
style, they are skillfully composed; the later ones show an
increased use of homophony.
Lyly, John (c. 1554–1606) English novelist and playwright
The son of a Kentish gentleman, Lyly took his MA at Ox-
ford (1575) before trying to earn his living as a writer in
London. He was appointed vice-master of St. Paul’s choir
school (1585), and the Paul’s boys gave the first perfor-
mances of several of his plays before Queen Elizabeth;
these highly polished prose comedies on mythological
themes included Alexander and Campaspe (1584), Sapho
and Phao (1584), Endimion (1591), Gallathea (1592), and
Midas (1592). Lyly contributed the pro-bishop Pappe with
an Hatchet (1589) to the MARPRELATE CONTROVERSY, but
his main achievement in prose was Euphues, a romance
published in two parts—The Anatomy of Wit (1578) and
Euphues and his England (1580). He was MP successively
for Hindon, Aylesbury, and Appleby (1589–1601), but
never achieved his longed-for court post of master of the
revels. If he wrote the exquisite lyrics in his plays, such as
“The Fairy Song” in Endimion or “The Song of Daphne to
the Lute” from Midas, he was also an accomplished poet.
See also: EUPHUISMLyons (French Lyon) A city in eastern France at the con-
fluence of the rivers Rhône and Saone. Its position has
made it an important focus of trade and communications
ever since Roman times, when it was known as Lug-
dunum. From 1312 it was part of the French realm.
Charles VII granted the city’s silk industry a monopoly in
1450, Italian silk workers were brought in, and Lyons be-
came famous as a producer of luxury textiles. Lyons’
prime position on the trade route between northwestern
Europe and Italy attracted numerous Italian merchants; in
1465 the Medici set up an office there and by 1502 around
40 other Florentine firms had followed suit. With these
commercial connections, the city’s annual fairs flourished
in the 15th and 16th centuries, and its population ex-
panded to around 60,000 by the mid-16th century. Italian
potters made Lyons France’s first important center of MA-
JOLICAproduction. Lyons’ first printing press was estab-
lished by 1473, and it quickly became a major focus of the
book trade. BADIUS ASCENSIUSand later Robert GRANJON
were printers there, as was SERVETUS. It enjoyed a thriving
literary culture in the mid-16th century: the bibliophile
Jean GROLIERwas a native of Lyons, and a notable group
of poets formed around Maurice SCÈVE. In the wars of re-
ligion, there was a Calvinist takeover of the city in 1562,
but 10 years later the Catholics regained control.22992 2 LLuuzzzzaasscchhii,, LLuuzzzzaassccoo