(New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1995); Martin
Lowry, The World of Aldus Manutius: Business and Scholar-
ship in Renaissance Venice (Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell,
1979).
Manzoli, Pier Angelo See PALINGENIUS
maps See CARTOGRAPHY
Marburg, Colloquy of (1529) A conference summoned
by PHILIP OF HESSEto effect a reconciliation between the
German and Swiss reformers. It was attended by LUTHER
and Phillip MELANCHTHONon the German side and by
ZWINGLI, John OECOLAMPADIUS, and Martin BUCERon the
Swiss. There was agreement on most of the articles, but
the Colloquy ended in failure when the Zwinglians re-
fused to accept the doctrine of consubstantiation (see
TRANSUBSTANTIATION).
Marciana, Bibliotheca (in Florence) The library of the
Dominican convent of San Marco. The basis of the collec-
tion was the library of some 800 volumes accumulated by
Niccolò NICCOLIand purchased on his death by Cosimo
de’ MEDICI; he entrusted them to the Dominicans, who
housed them in a building designed by MICHELOZZO
(1441). Many were dispersed and destroyed by SA-
VONAROLAand his followers. In 1508 the library was
bought by Pope Leo X and returned to Florence in 1532
by Clement VII. In 1571 Grand Duke Cosimo I made the
Marciana a public library. In 1808 the collection was amal-
gamated with that of the LAURENZIANA.
Marciana, Bibliotheca (in Venice) The library housed in
the Libreria Sansoviniana on the Piazzetta. The building,
begun in 1536, is considered the masterpiece of its de-
signer Andrea SANSOVINO. It was finished by Vincenzo
SCAMOZZIin the 1580s and inside it is adorned with stuc-
coes by VITTORIAand paintings by TITIAN, TINTORETTO,
VERONESE, and Andrea SCHIAVONE.
The foundation of the collection was the gift of man-
uscripts made by Cardinal BESSARIONto the Venetian sen-
ate in 1468. Among its treasures are the Grimani Breviary,
bought in 1489 by Cardinal GRIMANIfrom a former Mi-
lanese ambassador in Flanders, and the CAMALDOLESE
CHART. Associated from its beginnings with Greek studies,
it contains many Greek items among its 13,000 manu-
scripts. See illustration p. 427.
Marenzio, Luca (1553/4–99) Italian composer
Born at Coccaglio, near Brescia, Marenzio probably spent
his early years as a singer in the service of the Gonzagas
in Mantua. He moved to Rome to join the household first
(c. 1574–78) of Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo, and then
(1578–86) of Cardinal Luigi d’Este, serving both as a
singer but also publishing many MADRIGALS, for which he
became internationally famous. In 1588 he entered the
employ of Ferdinando de’ Medici in Florence, and con-
tributed to his wedding celebrations (1589). Later in 1589
he returned to Rome, where his chief patron was Virginio
Orsini, Duke of Bracciano. Another patron, Cardinal
Cinzio Aldobrandini, recommended Marenzio as maestro
to the king of Poland. Marenzio arrived in Poland in 1596
and remained for two years. He then returned to Rome,
where he died.
Marenzio wrote a small amount of sacred music, but
it is for his madrigals that he is celebrated. During his life
18 madrigal books (1580–99) for four to ten voices were
published, as well as five books of villanelles and two
books of motets. The early madrigals (written before
1587) are frequently settings of pastoral texts by, among
others, PETRARCH; these were extensively imitated
throughout Europe, and in England by Thomas MORLEY.
The mood of the madrigals became increasingly serious
throughout Marenzio’s career, with melancholy texts and
greater use of dissonance and chromaticism.Margaret of Austria (1480–1530) Regent and governor of
the Netherlands for Charles V (1507–15, 1519–30)
She was the daughter of MAXIMILIAN Iand Mary of Bur-
gundy. After her brief marriage (1497) to the Spanish heir,
the Infante John, ended with his death, she married
(1501) Duke Philibert II of Savoy, who died in 1504.
Following the sudden death of her brother, Philip the
Handsome of Burgundy (1506), Maximilian appointed
Margaret guardian of her infant nephew, the future
CHARLES V, and his younger sister, the future MARY OF HUN-
GARY. In the Netherlands Margaret extended Hapsburg
domination. She pursued a foreign policy favorable to
England and hostile to France, but did negotiate the
“Ladies’ Peace” between Spain and France at Cambrai
(1529). She employed the sculptor Konrad MEITof Worms
and the painters Jan MOSTAERTand Bernard van ORLEY; the
latter’s portrait of her in austere dress is in the Musées
Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. She also encouraged
writers and scholars. The palace built for her at MALINES
(1507–26) combined Renaissance decoration with a basi-
cally Gothic structure. As a memorial to herself and
Philibert she commissioned the church at Brou, on the
outskirts of Bourg-en-Bresse, Burgundy; it was built by the
architect Lodewyk van Bodeghem (c. 1470–1540) be-
tween 1512 and 1532. Here Meit worked from 1525 to
1531 on her tomb, an ebullient concoction of late Gothic
and Renaissance elements.Margaret of Austria See MARGARET OF PARMAMargaret of Parma (Margaret of Austria) (1522–1586)
Duchess of Parma (1547–86)
Margaret was the illegitimate daughter of Emperor
Charles V by a Flemish woman, Margaret of Ghent, andMMaarrggaarreett ooff PPaarrmmaa 3 30011