the first volume of Obras completas, ed. J. M. Blecua, ap-
pearing in 1963.
Further reading: George Mariscal, Contradictory Sub-
jects: Quevedo, Cervantes, and Seventeenth-Century Spanish
Culture (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
Quiñones, Francisco de (1480–1540) Spanish Francis-
can reformer
Quiñones, who was born at León, adopted the name Fran-
cisco de los Angeles when he joined the Order of Friars
Minor sometime before 1507. He served as minister-
general of the order (1523–28), was named cardinal (1527),
and was bishop of Coira (1531–33). Quiñones was a
pre-Tridentine reformer (see TRENT, COUNCIL OF), advo-
cating humanist learning, the training of Franciscan
youth, and the use of retreat houses to promote an intense
spiritual life. He was also interested in missionary activity
and in 1523 sent the mission of the “Twelve Apostles”
to New Spain, to which he hoped to go as papal nuncio
and Spanish viceroy. Pope Clement VII instead employed
him on secret missions to Charles V’s court where, fol-
lowing the Sack of ROME(1527), he won the pope’s free-
dom and prepared the treaties of Barcelona (1528) and of
Cambrai (1529).
At the pope’s behest, Quiñones prepared a simplified
breviary, often referred to as “the Breviary of the Holy
Cross.” Between 1535 and 1558, 100 editions were pub-
lished, totalling about 100,000 copies, and it influenced
the Church of England’s BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. The
Council of Trent suppressed the Quiñones breviary.
Quiñones died in Veroli, Italy.Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus) (c. 35–c. 95)
Spanish-born Roman rhetorician
After a distinguished teaching career in Rome, Quintilian
devoted the remainder of his life to writing the Institutio
oratoria. Despite the title, it deals not only with the train-
ing of orators but with the general principles of EDUCA-
TION. After suffering an eclipse in the Middle Ages, the
work was immensely important to the Renaissance; PE-
TRARCHknew it only through an imperfect copy, Poggio
BRACCIOLINIunearthed a complete text (1416), and it was
first printed in 1470. The Institutio’s insistence upon link-
ing knowledge and oratorical ability with excellent moral
character was the keynote of most Renaissance educa-
tional programs—in the words of Sidney, “the ending end
of all earthly learning being verteous action” (Defence of
Poesie). Quintilian’s assessment of ancient authors in his
10th book played a significant role in Renaissance literary
judgments.44000 0 QQuuiinn ̃ ̃oonneess,, FFrraanncciissccoo ddee