missioned BRAMANTEto design a new church over the
tomb of St. Peter. The new building, often called New St.
Peter’s, was originally modeled on a Greek cross plan, al-
though the designs underwent many changes after Bra-
mante’s death (1514), with modifications being made by
his successors, who included RAPHAEL, Fra GIOCONDO,
Baldassare PERUZZI, and Antonio SANGALLOthe Younger.
In 1546 MICHELANGELOwas appointed chief architect; he
made a number of changes to Bramante’s centralized plan,
enlarged the size of it, and worked on the massive dome,
which was completed after Michelangelo’s death by Gia-
como DELLA PORTA. The two small cupolas were the work
of Giacomo da VIGNOLA. Further extensions were exe-
cuted by Carlo Maderno in the 17th century, when St.
Peter’s Square was also laid out (1656–67) by Giovanni
Bernini. The present basilica contains many notable works
of art, including the first great PIETÀ (1498–99) by
Michelangelo.
St.-Quentin, battle of (August 10, 1557) A Spanish vic-
tory over the French at St.-Quentin in northern France. In
March 1557 a French army entered Italy to challenge
Hapsburg domination there and in reply a Spanish army
invaded France from the Netherlands. The Spanish gen-
eral beseiged the fortress of St.-Quentin; a relief force
under Anne de MONTMORENCY, Constable of France, was
destroyed. Montmorency and many other nobles were
captured and the way to Paris lay open, but a bankrupt
Spain was unable to press home its advantage.
See also: CATEAU-CAMBRÉSIS, PEACE OF
Salamanca A city in western Spain on the River Tormes.
The town was captured by Hannibal (222 BCE) from the
original inhabitants and then passed to the Romans, Visi-
goths, and Moors; the Moors were finally expelled around
- Salamanca’s fame in the Middle Ages and Renais-
sance depended on its university, founded about 1230 by
Alfonso IX of León and renowned throughout Europe first
for its faculties of canon and civil law and later for its the-
ology school. In the last decades of the 15th century, with
scholars of the caliber of NEBRIJAon its staff and a rapidly
growing student body, it was at the forefront of the intro-
duction of humanist learning into Spain. The city was also
one of the earliest centers for printing in Spain (1481).
The new cathedral, begun in 1509 and from 1513 con-
structed to designs by Juan Gil de Ontañon, and several
other ecclesiastical and university buildings date from the
Renaissance period.
Notable among Salamanca’s secular buildings is the
Casa de las Conchas (House of the Shells), which is heav-
ily adorned with scallop shells carved in high relief to re-
flect its late 15th-century owner’s membership of the
Military Order of Santiago, whose emblem was the scallop
shell of St. James the Great.
Sales, St. Francis de See FRANCIS DE SALES, STSalinas, Francisco de (1513–1590) Spanish organist and
music theorist
Salinas, who was born at Burgos, went blind about age 10.
He studied philosophy and classics at Salamanca and then
entered the service of Pedro Sarmiento de Salinas, who in
1538 became a cardinal. Salinas accompanied his em-
ployer to Rome, where he was ordained a priest. He be-
came organist at the viceregal chapel at Naples (1553–58),
and in 1559 organist at Sigüenza cathedral. He later be-
came organist at León and, in 1567, professor of music at
Salamanca. Salinas’s theoretical work, De musica libri
septem (1577) deals with the questions of consonant and
dissonant intervals and proportions.Salt War (1540) A rebellion by the city of Perugia against
Pope PAUL III’s authority. In 1538 Pope Paul III raised the
price of salt by 50% throughout the Papal States. Perugia
claimed his action violated an agreement not to increase
its tax burdens, but the pope rejected this claim and ex-
communicated the city (March 1539). The Perugians
chose 25 citizens as leaders and put Ridolfo Baglioni in
command of their army. Paul III sent his son, Pierluigi
Farnese, to Perugia with 13,000 soldiers. After minor skir-
mishes the Perugians submitted to papal power. Perugia
had to accept rule by a papal legate and to pay for the con-
struction of Paul III’s fortress, the Rocca Paolina, in their
city.Salutati, Lino Coluccio (1331–1406) Italian humanist
and politician
Salutati was born near Lucca and educated in rhetoric at
Bologna. He became chancellor of Florence in 1375. Salu-
tati rejected PETRARCH’s abstract patriotism and for 30
years was an active politician; he united studia humanitatis
with the life of action and this had a profound influence
on the development of Renaissance Florence. His volumi-
nous correspondence has still not been fully edited. In
1392 he arranged for an ancient manuscript of CICERO’s
Epistolae ad familiares to be copied; this work made a last-
ing impact on Renaissance concepts of the interaction be-
tween literary culture and political activity. Salutati
accumulated a large library—over 800 volumes, 111 of
which are still extant and identified—and he opened it to
scholars. In his youth he wrote poetry and he always
maintained the superiority of poetry to prose. His major
work was an allegorical treatment of the labors of HER-
CULES, begun 1378–83 and left incomplete at his death.
He was not a fruitful scholar and he knew only a few
words of Greek but he was instrumental in bringing the
Greek teacher CHRYSOLORASto Florence.
Further reading: Berthold L. Ullman, The Humanism
of Coluccio Salutati (Padua, Italy: Antenore, 1963); Ronald
G. Witt, Hercules at the Crossroads: The Life, Works and44224 4 SStt..--QQuueennttiinn,, bbaattttllee ooff