Xavier, St. Francis See FRANCIS XAVIER, ST

Ximénes de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco (1436–
1517) Spanish churchman, politician, and scholar
A Castilian by birth, he studied at Alcalá and Salamanca,
becoming doctor in both canon and civil law. In 1492 Is-
abella of Castile chose him as her confessor and in 1495
he became archbishop of Toledo. He was an energetic re-
former, seeking a return to more austere standards of
Christian life, and he encouraged the conversion of the
Moors of Granada. In 1507 Ximénes became cardinal and
inquisitor-general. From January 1516 until his death
(November 1517) at Valladolid, he was governor of
Castile and consolidated the unification of Spain achieved
by FERDINAND II AND ISABELLA I. Cardinal Ximénes spent
his income lavishly on educational projects and public
works; he founded the university of Alcalá (1500) and was
its great benefactor. His main monument is the great poly-
glot Bible known as the COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOT(Com-
plutum was the Roman name for Alcalá), which provided
for the first time a printed text of the Scriptures in their
original languages.

Zabarella, Cardinal Francesco (1360–1417) Italian
canonist
After studying at Bologna, Zabarella taught canon law at
Florence (1385–90) and Padua (1390–1410). He attended
the Council of CONSTANCEas legate of Pope John XXIII,
who created him cardinal in 1411. In 1408 he wrote De
iurisdictione imperiali in which he insisted that the pope
was only the highest servant of the Church to whom ex-
ecutive power was entrusted. An ecumenical council had
the power to discipline a pope and he could be deposed if

it seemed necessary to such a council. The Council of

Constance accepted this doctrine and its corollary of reg-

ular ecumenical councils. Had this become established

practice, Zabarella would have effected a fundamental

change in the government of the Roman Catholic Church.

Zabarella, Giacomo (1533–1589) Italian philosopher

Zabarella was the leading representative of ARISTOTELIAN-

ISMin his native Padua during the 16th century. He en-

gaged in controversy with Francesco Piccolomini over his

interpretation of Aristotle’s logic, which gained him great

notoriety among his contemporaries, but modern students

have shown more interest in Zabarella’s work on the im-

mortality of the soul. There are close similarities between

his solution to this problem and that proposed by Pietro

POMPONAZZI: he excluded the notion of a prime mover

and insisted on the soul’s independent and autonomous

nature. Zabarella also published De rebus naturalibus libri

XXX (1589) in which he discussed the traditional prob-

lems of Aristotelian physics.

Zaluzansky ́ ́, Adam (1558–1613) Czech botanist

Zaluzanskýwas a leading figure in Prague intellectual cir-

cles during the reign of RUDOLF IIand a convinced propo-

nent of Ramism (see RAMIST CONTROVERSY). He published

on medical and other topics, including university reform,

but is mainly remembered as the author of Methodi

herbarii libri tres (1592), which advocates the systematic

study of botany and makes important observations on

plant classification.

Zaragoza (Saragossa) A city in northeastern Spain on the

River Ebro. The major Roman center in the Ebro valley, it

Z

550099