described in Genesis and were linked with man as con-
stituents of the great CHAIN OF BEING. How then, it was
asked, did the alpaca and guanaco reach Peru? Were they
created there? And, if so, what of Noah? The orthodox an-
swer came from the naturalist and missionary José de
ACOSTA. All animals came out of the ark and dispersed
over long-since-flooded land bridges to the environments
best suited to them. Few voices were heard in dissent be-
fore the 18th century.
Zoppo, Marco (Marco d’Antonio di Ruggero) (1433–
1478) Italian painter and draftsman
Born near Bologna, Zoppo was probably a pupil of Cosimo
TURAand later, at the age of 21, became the adopted son
of and assistant to SQUARCIONEin Padua. Zoppo was also
active in Venice (1455, 1468–73) and executed further
works in Bologna, including a triptych for the Collegio di
Spagna. Influenced by MANTEGNAand by Jacopo and Gio-
vanni BELLINI, Zoppo produced paintings in a distinctively
harsh and precise style and an album of drawings formerly
attributed to Mantegna (British Museum, London).
Zuccaro, Federico (c. 1540–1609) Italian painter
Born at Vado, south of Bologna, Zuccaro began his artistic
career as assistant and pupil to his older brother Tad-
deo. In 1565 he was in Florence, working under VASARI,
after which he visited France and the Netherlands (1574)
and then England (1575), where he drew (and perhaps
painted) full-length portraits of Elizabeth I and the earl of
Leicester (British Museum, London). Subsequently he
helped in the painting of the dome of Florence cathedral
(1575–79) and executed the painting Barbarossa Making
Obeisance to the Pope (1582), influenced by Tintoretto and
Raphael, for the doge’s palace in Venice. Summoned to
Spain by Philip II, Zuccaro produced several works,
chiefly altarpieces, for the ESCORIAL (1585–88), which
failed to win the royal approval. He returned to Italy, and
in 1593 he established the Accademia di San Luca in his
own house in Rome, later becoming the academy’s first
president. Other works included the Adoration of the Magi
(1594; Lucca cathedral), paintings in the Sala Regia of the
Vatican, a book on aesthetic theory, L’Idea de’ pittori, scul-
tori, et architetti (1607), and a series of 90 drawings illus-
trating Dante’s Divine Comedy (Uffizi, Florence). Through
the medium of prints his accomplished mannerist style
became widely known in Italy and beyond.
Zuccaro, Taddeo (1529–1566) Italian painter
Born, like his brother and pupil Federico, at Vado, Taddeo
Zuccaro became a leading painter in the mannerist style in
Rome, where he settled in 1551. He was largely self-
trained and was influenced chiefly by the works of COR-
REGGIO, which he had encountered at Parma. The body of
Taddeo Zuccaro’s works consisted of decorative frescoes
and religious paintings, many of which were later com-
pleted by Federico. His most influential work was the se-
ries of frescoes and stucco decorations executed
(1561–66) for the Villa Farnese at Caprarola, in which el-
ements of northern Italian art and the manner of
Michelangelo and Raphael were fused. Other works in-
cluded a fresco cycle in the Sala Regia of the Vatican and
another in the Cappella Frangipane, San Marcello al
Corso, Rome, incorporating the altarpiece The Conversion
of St. Paul (c. 1563).Zürich Agreement (1549) The formulation of a com-
mon sacramental doctrine agreed at Zürich between J. H.
BULLINGER, who represented the Zwinglian churches of
German Switzerland, and CALVINand Guillaume FAREL
representing Geneva and the Protestant churches of
French Switzerland. ZWINGLIhad supported a purely sym-
bolic interpretation of the Eucharist, resulting in a split
with LUTHERthat led to a rift between the German and
Swiss churches (see MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF). Calvin’s po-
sition, midway between the Swiss and the Lutheran, was
more acceptable to the Zwinglians, and the Zürich Agree-
ment proved an important milestone on the road to a dis-
tinctive form of Swiss Protestantism.Zurita, Jerónimo de (1512–1580) Spanish historian
The son of a doctor at the court of FERDINAND IIof Aragon,
Zurita was born at Zaragoza, educated at Alcalá, and be-
came official chronicler of Aragon (1548). Anales de la
corona de Aragón (six volumes, 1562–80) covered the his-
tory of the kingdom from the Moorish invasion to the
death of Ferdinand (1516). An index was published in- (The third edition, in seven volumes (1610–21), is
considered the best.) Though it lacks literary distinction,
Zurita’s history is the first in Spanish to be compiled crit-
ically and methodically. He took pains to read primary ma-
terials, excluded supernatural matter, and took account of
conflicting evidence.
Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) Swiss reformer
The son of a well-to-do farmer at Wildhaus, Zwingli stud-
ied in Basle and Berne before embarking on a conventional
church career. He was ordained in 1506 and from 1506 to
1516 served as parish priest at Glarus. While there he con-
tinued his humanistic studies and published his first orig-
inal work, a verse satire criticizing the involvement of
Swiss mercenaries in the dynastic quarrels of the Euro-
pean powers (De bello Judaico, 1510). In December 1518
Zwingli was elected a stipendary priest in the minster at
Zürich, where his preaching and lectures on the New Tes-
tament evoked an enthusiastic response. Zwingli’s ser-
mons, in which he moved to an increasingly forthright
denunciation of purgatory, monasticism, and other
Catholic dogma and practices, paved the way for the
Zürich reformation, carried through between 1522 and
1525 under Zwingli’s leadership.55112 2 ZZooppppoo,, MMaarrccoo