FIND OUT MORE. American Indians 408
History^417
FIND OUT MORE. Canada, Alaska, and Greenland 224–225
WHAT WAS THE TRAIL OF TEARS?
In the 1830s, gold was found in Cherokee territory
in the southeastern USA. About 16,000
Cherokees from the region were rounded up
by the US army and forced to travel west
in 1838 on a “Trail of Tears”. Over 4,000
Cherokees died on the journey.
WHAT WAS CUSTER’S LAST STAND?
In 1876, General George Custer led the United
States Seventh Cavalry into the prairie lands
around the Little Bighorn River, in Montana.
Stumbling upon a big assembly of Sioux and
Cheyenne warriors, Custer’s force was defeated
and killed. It was the last American Indian victory.
For much of the 19th century, especially
between 1860 and 1890, a tragic conflict
took place in the United States. Settlers
and soldiers fought against American
Indians. They seized their lands and
herded the American Indians into
camps known as reservations.
Indian Wars
WHO FOUGHT TO CONTROL CANADA?
The French and British fought each other for Canada.
Both wanted its furs, timber, and rich fishing grounds.
The French were defeated in 1759 and Canada became
a British colony four years later. Many American
colonists who had remained loyal to Britain
during the American Revolution fled to
Canada in the 1780s.
WHEN DID CANADA BECOME A NATION?
In 1791, the areas of Canada settled by
Europeans were divided between Upper
(English-speaking) and Lower (French-
speaking) Canada. These were reunited
in 1841. Canada became a self-
governing dominion of the British
Empire in 1867. Settlement spread
westwards as Europeans arrived.
Canada
European fishermen and fur traders visited Canada from
the 16th century onwards. They bought furs from the
local people, who were related to the other native peoples
of North America. France established colonies in Canada
in 1608 (Quebec) and 1642 (Montreal), while the British
claimed a vast territory around Hudson Bay after 1670.
2 DEATH OF THE GENERALS
The British general James Wolfe
lies dying in 1759, having
captured Quebec and defeated
the French. The French general,
Montcalm, was also killed.Both armies
used native warriors
as scouts and guides4 GHOST DANCE
In 1890, many Indians on reservations had strange visions.
They began to perform a magical “ghost dance”, which
they believed would return their land to them. It did not.
Many were later gunned down
or died of disease.JACQUES CARTIER
1491–1557
This French navigator made
three voyages to North
America between 1534 and- He was the first
European to see the St
Lawrence river and claimed
the land for France.
Canadian
historyIndian Wars