FIND OUT MORE. Agricultural Revolution 412 • Industry 204 • Manufacturing 205
History^419
TRANSPORTATION
The Industrial Revolution depended on
transport to move raw materials, goods, and
people. Canals were dug in the 18th century.
In the 19th, it was the turn of the railways.URBANIZATION
Urbanization means the spread of towns.
Between 1700 and 1900 the world’s
population grew from 679 million to 1,633
million. Many people were city dwellers.WHAT KIND OF CITIES WERE BUILT?
Cities grew up around coalfields or factories, at
important seaports and railway junctions. They
provided cheap housing for the industrial workers.
New British cities were often rows of terraced houses
built of brick and slate, with small yards and alleys.1 GLASGOW SKYLINE
Smoke from factory chimneys darkens the sky in Glasgow. This Scottish
city grew rapidly after the River Clyde was deepened in 1768, making it
more accessible to shipping.1 ACROSS THE USA
Locomotives belch smoke at a busy junction in the USA in 1886.
Railways opened up new continents, crossing Europe, Asia, Africa,
South America, and Australia. Railway companies made their fortunes.WHEN DID THE RAILWAY AGE BEGIN?
The first steam locomotive to run on rails was seen in
Wales in 1804. Designs were greatly improved in the
1820s by English rail pioneer George Stephenson.
Railways were soon opening up the world.