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Unit 1 Engineering Physics

(achs6699) #1

  • 1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

    • 1.1 Introduction...................................

    • 1.2 Testing Mechanical Properties of Materials..................

      • 1.2.1 Tensile Test



    • 1.3 Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram

      • 1.3.1 True Stress and True Strain

      • 1.3.2 Safety Factor

      • 1.3.3 Uses of Stress-Strain Diagrams



    • 1.4 Types of Elastic Moduli

      • 1.4.1 Young’s Modulus

      • 1.4.2 Shear Modulus (or Rigidity Modulus).................

      • 1.4.3 Bulk Modulus..............................

      • 1.4.4 Poisson’s Ratio



    • 1.5 Factors Aecting elasticity

    • 1.6 Torsional stress and Deformations.......................

    • 1.7 Torsion pendulum................................

      • sion Wire 1.7.1 Torsion Pendulum - Determination of Rigidity Modulus of Suspen-



    • 1.8 Bending of Beams................................

    • 1.9 Bending Moment of a Beam

    • 1.10 Cantilever: Theory and Experiment......................

    • 1.11 Uniform Bending and Nonuniform Bending..................

      • 1.11.1 Uniform Bending: Theory and Experiment CONTENTS v

      • 1.11.2 Non-uniform Bending: Theory and Experiment



    • 1.12 Stress due to bending in beams

    • 1.13 I-shaped Girders

    • 1.14 Exercises.....................................



  • Bibliography

  • 2 WAVES AND FIBER OPTICS

    • 2.1 Introduction...................................

    • 2.2 Oscillatory Motion

      • 2.2.1 SHM - Equation of Motion and its Solution

      • 2.2.2 SHM and Uniform Circular Motion

      • 2.2.3 SHM - Phase, Velocity and Acceleration

      • 2.2.4 SHM - Kinetic and Potential Energies.................



    • 2.3 Damped and Forced Oscillations........................

      • 2.3.1 Damped Oscillations

      • 2.3.2 Forced Oscillations and Resonace



    • 2.4 Plane Progressive Waves

      • 2.4.1 Dierential Equation and Solution



    • 2.5 Lasers

      • 2.5.1 Radiative Processes Involved in Laser Operation...........



    • 2.6 Population of Energy Levels

    • 2.7 Planck’s formula and Einstein’s A and B Coecients

    • 2.8 Light Amplification in Laser Devices

    • 2.9 Semiconductor Laser

      • 2.9.1 Homojunction Diode Laser.......................

      • 2.9.2 Heterojunction Diode Laser



    • 2.10 Fiber Optics - Introduction

      • 2.10.1 Optical Fiber - Structure and Principle of operation.........



    • 2.11 Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture.................. vi CONTENTS

      • 2.11.1 Propagation conditions.........................



    • 2.12 Types of Optical Fibers

      • and Plastic Clad Silica Fibers 2.12.1 Classification Based on Materials: Glass-Glass Fibers, Plastic Fibers

      • and Multimode Fibers 2.12.2 Classification Based on Number of Propagating Modes: Single Mode

      • GRaded INdex Fibers 2.12.3 Classification Based on Refractive index profile: Step-index and and



    • 2.13 Signal Distortion (Pulse Dispersion)......................

      • 2.13.1 Intermodal Dispersion

      • 2.13.2 Intramodal Dispersion



    • 2.14 Losses Associated with Optical Fibers.....................

      • 2.14.1 Absorption of Light...........................

      • 2.14.2 Scattering losses.............................

      • 2.14.3 Transmission Windows

      • 2.14.4 Radiation losses.............................



    • 2.15 Fiber Optic Sensors...............................

      • 2.15.1 Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor

      • 2.15.2 Fiber Optic Diplacement Sensor....................





  • Appendices

    • 2.A SHM as an Example of a Deterministc Classical System

    • 2.B Damped harmonic Oscillator - Claculations..................

    • 2.3 Exercises.....................................



  • Bibliography

  • 3 THERMAL PHYSICS

    • 3.1 Introduction...................................

    • 3.2 Thermal Expansion...............................

      • 3.2.1 Thermal Expansion of Solids...................... CONTENTS vii

      • 3.2.2 Thermal Expansion of Liquids.....................

      • 3.2.3 Negative Thermal Expansion

      • 3.2.4 Bimetallic Strip.............................

      • 3.2.5 Thermal Expansion Joints



    • 3.3 Modes of Heat Transfer.............................

    • 3.4 Heat Conduction in Solids - Fourier’s Law

      • 3.4.1 Thermal Resistance...........................



    • 3.5 Conduction Through Compound Media....................

      • 3.5.1 Compound Medium - Materials in Series

      • 3.5.2 Compound Medium - Materials in Parallel

      • 3.5.3 Compound Medium - Materials in Series-parallel combination



    • 3.6 Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurement...............

      • 3.6.1 Lee’s Disc Method

      • 3.6.2 Forbes’ Method.............................



    • 3.7 Thermal Insulation

    • 3.8 Heat Exchangers

      • 3.8.1 Refrigerator

      • 3.8.2 Ovens

      • 3.8.3 Solar Water Heaters



    • 3.9 Exercises.....................................



  • Bibliography

  • 4 QUANTUM PHYSICS

    • 4.1 Introduction...................................

    • 4.2 Blackbody Radiation

      • 4.2.1 Blackbody Radiation - Experimental Results.............



    • 4.3 Planck’s Theory of Blackbody Radiation

    • 4.4 Compton Eect.................................

    • 4.5 wave particle duality – electron diraction viii CONTENTS

      • 4.5.1 Characteristics of matter waves



    • 4.6 Concept of Wave Function and Its Interpretation

    • 4.7 Schrödinger’s Wave Equation

      • 4.7.1 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation

      • 4.7.2 Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation



    • 4.8 Particle in a One-dimensional Rigid Box

    • 4.9 Tunnelling (qualitative).............................

    • 4.10 Electron Microscope

      • 4.10.1 Scanning Tunnelling Microscope





  • Appendices

    • 4.A Origin and Evolution of the Idea of Blackbody

    • 4.B Expression of the Number of Standing Waves in a Cavity..........

    • 4.3 Exercises.....................................



  • Bibliography

  • 5 CRYSTAL PHYSICS

    • 5.1 Introduction...................................

      • 5.1.1 Construction of a 3-dimensional (3-D) lattice



    • 5.2 Close-Packing and Atomic Packing factor (APF)...............

    • 5.3 Diamond Structure

    • 5.4 Crystallographic Directions& Planes

      • 5.4.1 Inter-planar Spacing



    • 5.5 Crystal Imperfections..............................

      • 5.5.1 Point Defects

      • 5.5.2 Line Defects – Burger vectors

      • 5.5.3 Stacking faults

      • 5.5.4 Role of Imperfections in Llastic Deformation





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