FACT
Some people are
born with mutations
in genes involved in
regulating the cell
cycle. For example
in colorectal cancer
(cancer of the
colon) some people
have mutations in
the mismatch repair
genes. Mismatch
repair genes fix
damaged DNA. If
they are not
working properly it
enhances a person’s
risk of getting
cancer. People who
have a close family
member who got
cancer when they
were under 40 years
of age need to be
regularly tested for
damaged genes.
Prevention of cancer DUMMY
Therisk of developing any one of the many types of cancer can be reduced by eating a
healthy diet, exercising regularly and avoiding smoking and alcohol. The sooner cancer
is detected the easier it is to treat. Therefore it is also advisable for people to get regular
screenings. Here are some guidelines to lower your risk of developing cancer:- Avoid smoking: avoid smoking cigarettes and avoid enclosed areas where people
smoke (this avoids passive smoking). - Avoid alcohol: limit alcohol, as excessive alcohol consumption can lead to increased
risk of oesophageal, liver and breast cancer. - Healthy diet: avoid (or limit) very processed foods or burnt food, both of which contain
carcinogens. - Regular physical activity: partake in physical activity on a regular basis. Regular exer-
cise improves general health and helps one to maintain an ideal body weight, thereby
lowering the risk of many cancers. - Sun protection: limit exposure to the sun and damage by ultraviolet radiation. Try to
stay out of the sun between 10 am and 3 pm, wear high SPF sunscreen that protects
against UVA and UVB, and wear a hat, sunglasses, and protective clothing. - Regular screenings: cell or tissue abnormalities can sometimes be detected before they
become cancerous. Regular pap smears can prevent cervical abnormalities developing
into cervical cancer and getting moles and skin conditions checked can prevent dan-
gerous skin cancer. Cancer can also be detected at the early treatable stages by going
for regular mammograms (for breast cancer), or prostate exams (for prostate cancer) as
adults. The frequency of these exams will be age and risk dependent.
108 4.4. Cancer