Everything Life Sciences Grade 10

Figure 7.18: Example of a synovial joint.

There are a number of different types of synovial joints. The four main types of synovial

joints include:

1.Ball and socket joint: found in structures such as the shoulder. It allows forwards/back-

wards, up/down and roundabout movement.

2.Hinge joint: found in structures such as the elbow. It allows the forearm to move up

and down and acts like the hinge of a door.

3.Pivot joint: allows turning of the head in a rotational movement from side to side.

4.Gliding joint: found in the foot and allows toes to flex. It allows bones to slide over

one another.

Tendons and ligaments DUMMY

Tendon and ligaments are dense bands of dense connective tissue.Ligamentsjoin bone to

bone, andtendonsjoin muscles to bone. An example of a ligament is the anterior cruciate

ligament (ACL) of the knee, and an example of a tendon is the Achilles tendon, which

attaches your calf muscle to your heel. Tendons and ligaments are similar structures, but

they have some important differences, which are summarized in Table 7.1.

Comparison of ligaments and tendons

Ligaments Tendons

join bone to bone attach muscles to bones

consist of white collagen fibres and a

network of yellow elastic fibres

consist of non elastic collagen fibres

which give tendons a white shiny

appearance

strong collagen fibres prevent dislocation

at joints, and yellow elastic fibres allow

flexibility at the joint

parallel arrangement of strong collagen

fibres in order to efficiently convert

muscle contraction into movement of the

skeleton

Table 7.1: Table comparing ligaments and tendons

210 7.4. Musculoskeletal tissues