5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^90) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
✪^ Constitutional monarchy A theory of government that contends that a right-
ful ruler’s power is limited by an agreement with his or her subjects.
✪^ Two Treatises on Government A philosophical work (1690) by the Englishman
John Locke, which became the primary argument for the establishment of
natural limits to governmental authority.
✪^ Versailles The great palace of the French monarchs, located 11 miles outside
of Paris, which was the center of court life and political power in France from
1682 until the French Revolution in 1789.
✪^ Tsars The hereditary monarchs of Russia.
✪^ Law Code of 1649 Legislation in Russia that converted the legal status^
of groups as varied as peasants and slaves into that of a single class
of serfs.
✪^ Manorial system The traditional economic system of Europe, developed in
the medieval period, in which landowning elites (lords of the manor) held
vast estates divided into small plots of arable land farmed by peasants for
local consumption.
✪^ Cash crops Crops grown for sale and export in the market-oriented approach
that replaced the manorial system during the Agricultural Revolution of the
eighteenth century.
✪^ Enclosure The building of hedges, fences, and walls to deny the peasantry
access to traditional farming plots and common lands, which had been
converted to fields for cash crops during the Agricultural Revolution of the
eighteenth century.
✪^ Putting-out system (also “cottage industry”) A system in which rural peas-
ants engaged in small-scale textile manufacturing. It was developed in
the eighteenth century to allow merchants, faced with an ever-expanding
demand for textiles, to get around the guild system.
✪^ Guilds Exclusive organizations that monopolized the skilled trades in Europe
from the medieval period until broken by the development of cottage indus-
try in the eighteenth century.
✪^ Flying shuttle A machine invented in 1733 by John Kay that doubled the
speed at which cloth could be woven on a loom, creating a need to find a
way to produce greater amounts of thread faster.
✪^ Spinning jenny A machine invented in the 1760s by James Hargreaves that
greatly increased the amount of thread a single spinner could produce from cot-
ton, creating a need to speed up the harvesting of cotton.
✪^ Cotton gin A machine invented in 1793 by an American, Eli Whitney, that
efficiently removed seed from raw cotton, thereby increasing the speed with
which it could be processed and sent to the spinners.
✪^ Diplomatic Revolution The mid-eighteenth-century shift in European alli-
ances, whereby the expansionist aims of Frederick II of Prussia caused old
enemies to become allies. Prussia, fearful of being isolated by its enemies,
forged an alliance in 1756 with its former enemy Great Britain; Austria and
France, previously antagonistic toward one another, responded by forging an
alliance of their own.
✪^ The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) A conflict that pitted France, Austria, Rus-
sia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain against Prussia, Great Britain, and
the German state of Hanover in a contest for control of both the European
Continent and the New World in North America.
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