TIP
Know these relationships.This drive to achieve a minimum of free energy may be interpreted as the
driving force of a chemical reaction.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The following terms summarize all the concepts and ideas that were introduced in
this chapter. You should be able to explain their meaning and how you would use
them in chemistry. They appear in boldface type in this chapter to draw your
attention to them. The boldface type also makes it easier for you to look them up if
you need to. You could also use the Internet search engine google.com on your
computer to get a quick and expanded explanation of these terms, laws, and
formulas.
acid ionization constant
common ion effect
enthalpy (ΔH)
entropy (ΔS)
equilibrium
equilibrium constant
free energy
Gibbs free-energy equation
solubility product constant
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Second Law of Thermodynamics
INTERNET RESOURCES
Online content that reinforces major concepts discussed in this chapter can be
found at the following Internet addresses if they are still available. Some may