❮ 159
Motivation and Emotion
In ThIs ChapTer
Summary: Why do you do what you do? Motivation is a psychological
process that directs and maintains your behavior toward a goal, fueled by
motives, which are needs or desires that energize your behavior. Theories of
motivation generally distinguish between primary, biological motives such as
hunger, thirst, sex, pain reduction, optimal arousal, aggression; and second-
ary, social motives such as achievement, affiliation, autonomy, curiosity, and
play. Social motives are learned motives acquired as part of growing up in
a particular society or culture. Emotion is closely related to motivation. Some
psychologists even define emotions as specific motivated states. Emotion is
a psychological feeling that involves a mixture of physiological arousal,
conscious experience, and overt behavior. Emotions include love, hate, fear,
and jealousy. Instinct/evolutionary, drive reduction, incentive, arousal, and
humanistic theories look at motivation differently. James-Lange, Cannon-Bard,
Schachter-Singer, and opponent-process theories explain the relationship
between physiological changes and emotional experiences differently. Both
motivation and emotion spur us into action.
This chapter looks closely at direction and maintenance of behavior
toward a goal and the psychological feelings that result.Key Ideas
✪ Instinct/Evolutionary theory of motivation
✪ Drive reduction theory of motivation
✪ Incentive theory of motivation
✪ Arousal theory of motivation
✪ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
✪ Physiological motives—hunger, thirst, pain, sex
✪ Social motives—achievement, affiliation
✪ Social conflict situationsKEY IDEA
ChapTer
12