MONARCHY AND REPUBLIC, 753–27 BCE
❚According to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome in 753 BCE. In the sixth century, Etruscan
kings ruled the city and Roman art was Etruscan in character.
❚In the centuries following the establishment of the Republic (509–27 BCE), Rome conquered its
neighbors in Italy and then moved into Greece, bringing exposure to Greek art and architecture.
❚Republican temples combined Etruscan plans with the Greek orders, and houses had peristyles
with Greek columns. The Romans, however, pioneered the use of concrete as a building material.
❚The First Style of mural painting derived from Greece, but the illusionism of the Second Style is
distinctly Roman.
❚Republican portraits were usually superrealistic likenesses of elderly patricians and celebrated
traditional Roman values.
EARLY EMPIRE, 27 BCE–96 CE
❚Augustus (r. 27 BCE–14 CE) became the first Roman emperor after defeating Mark Antony and
Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BCE.
❚Augustan art revived the Classical style with frequent references to Periclean Athens. Augustus’s
ambitious building program made lavish use of marble, and his portraits always depicted him
as an idealized youth.
❚Under the Julio-Claudians (r. 14–68 CE), the full potential of concrete began to be realized in
buildings such as the Golden House of Nero.
❚The Flavian emperors (r. 69–96 CE) erected the Colosseum, Rome’s first and largest amphitheater,
and arches and other monuments celebrating their victory in Judaea.
❚Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried in 79 CEduring the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. During
the last quarter century of the towns’ existence, the Third and Fourth Styles were used to decorate
the walls of houses.
HIGH EMPIRE, 96–192 CE
❚The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan (r. 98–117 CE). The emperor’s new forum
and markets transformed the civic center of Rome. The Column of Trajan commemorated his two
campaigns in Dacia in a spiral frieze with thousands of figures.
❚Hadrian (r. 117–138 CE), emulating Greek statesmen and philosophers, was the first emperor to wear
a beard. He built the Pantheon, a triumph of concrete technology.
❚Under the Antonines (r. 138–192 CE), the dominance of Classical art began to erode, and imperial
artists introduced new compositional schemes in relief sculpture and a psychological element in
portraiture.
LATE EMPIRE, 193–337 CE
❚In the art of the Severans (r. 193–235 CE), the Late Antique style took root. Artists represented the
emperor as a central frontal figure disengaged from the action around him.
❚During the chaotic era of the soldier emperors (r. 235–284 CE), artists revealed the anxiety and
insecurity of the emperors in moving portraits.
❚Diocletian (r. 284–305 CE) reestablished order by sharing power. Statues of the tetrarchs portray
the four emperors as identical and equal rulers, not as individuals.
❚Constantine (r. 306–337 CE) restored one-man rule, ended persecution of the Christians, and
transferred the capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330. The abstract formality
of Constantinian art paved the way for the iconic art of the Middle Ages.
THE BIG PICTURE
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii,
ca. 60–50 BCEArch of Titus, Rome
after 81 CEAugustus as general, Primaporta,
ca. 20 BCEPantheon, Rome,
118–125 CEArch of Constantine, Rome,
312–315 CE