The Civil Rights Movement Revised Edition

Black Panthers: A radical group founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby

Seale that armed itself against the police and demanded decent housing and

education.

Black Power: A slogan that rejected the civil rights movement’s goals of non-

violence and integration in favor of self-defense and self-determination.

Boycott: An organized campaign to promote civil rights by refusing to buy

goods or services.

Brown v. Board of Education(1954): Crucial Supreme Court decision that

invalidated ‘separate-but-equal’ public schools.

Busing: An unpopular judicial remedy that transported black and white

children to achieve school desegregation.

Buy Black Campaign: The Depression-era strategy for blacks to keep their

money within the black community.

Chicago Freedom Movement: An ill-fated attempt by Martin Luther King to

move the civil rights movement to the North.

Citizens’ Council: A white supremacist organization formed after the Brown

desegregation decision.

Civil Rights Act of 1866: This first civil rights law declared that all native-born

Americans were citizens of the United States, regardless of their race, color,

or previous condition.

Civil Rights Act of 1875: Granted all Americans access to public accommoda-

tions and transportation, and made them eligible for jury service.

Civil Rights Act of 1957: This first civil rights law since Reconstruction estab-

lished the Justice department’s Civil Rights Division and a federal Civil Rights

Commission.

Civil Rights Act of 1960: Authorized federal judges to appoint referees to help

blacks register to vote and provided criminal penalties for violence that

obstructs school desegregation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964: Sweeping legislation that prohibited discrimination in

public accommodations and in hiring, allowed government agencies to with-

hold federal funds from any program permitting discrimination, authorized

the attorney general to file suit to desegregate schools and recreational facil-

ities, and exempted anyone with a 6th grade education from literacy tests for

voting.

Civil Rights Act of 1968: Prohibited discrimination in the rental or sale of

housing, and provided criminal penalties for interfering with one’s civil rights

and for inciting riots.

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