The Renaissance

court of King Christian IV of Denmark.
In Italy he studied the designs of Andrea
Palladio, whose villas and monuments
were inspired by the classical architecture
of ancient Greece and Rome. Jones ab-
sorbed the ideals of classical architecture
through Palladio and the writings of Vit-
ruvius, an ancient Roman author on ar-
chitecture who set out in his bookDe Ar-
chitectura the ideals of harmonious
proportions and balanced elements.

Jones returned to England in 1601. His
talents were noticed by King James I, and
he was appointed official court surveyor to
Henry, the son of James and heir appar-
ent. Jones won commissions to design sev-
eral important London buildings, includ-
ing the New Exchange in the London
quarter known as the Strand. Jones also
designed scenery for court masques, short
allegorical dramas that combined theater,
music, and dance. He returned to Italy in
1614, in the company of the Earl of Arun-
del. On his return to England, James ap-
pointed him as the Surveyor of the King’s
Works. In this position Jones designed the
Banqueting House at the palace of White-
hall. As a Catholic, however, Jones came
under general suspicion from those fear-
ing a Catholic attempt to return England
to the authority of the pope.

Jones’s most famous buildings include
several country mansions, including Lind-
sey House, Shaftesbury House, the Queen’s
House at Greenwich, and the Grange. He
also designed public places, including the
London square known as Lincoln’s Inn and
the district known as Covent Garden that
Jones developed on the model of ancient
Roman market towns known asbastides.
On commission of King Charles I, Jones
also became the first to survey the prehis-
toric monument known as Stonehenge, in
southern England. Jones opined in his
bookStone-Heng Restoredthat the tower-

ing pillars of Stonehenge represented the

remains of a Roman temple.

On the outbreak of the English Civil

War in 1642 Jones fled London. The con-

flict ended with the execution of his pa-

tron Charles I; Jones’s property was seized

and he lost his position as the royal sur-

veyor. He was officially pardoned in 1646

and lived out his days in obscurity and

poverty. His reputation grew after his

death, however, as his buildings and his

classical ideals became an important model

for future generations of English builders.

SEEALSO: architecture; Palladio, Andrea;

Vitruvius

Julius II ..........................................

(1443–1513)

Pope from 1503 until his death in 1513.

Born in the village of Albissola as Giuliano

della Rovere, he was the member of a

noble but poor family. He was educated in

the city of Perugia by his uncle, Francesco

della Rovere, a member of the Franciscan

order. When Francesco was elected as Pope

Sixtus IV in 1471, Giuliano’s prospects in

the church improved dramatically. He was

immediately made bishop of Carpentras, a

diocese in France, and named cardinal-

priest of San Pietro in Vincula (Saint Peter

in Chains), an important Roman church.

He won several more appointments as

bishop, in Lausanne, Coutances, Catania,

Mende, Viviers, Sabina, Bologna, Ostia,

Lodeve, Savona, and Vercelli. In 1476, he

was named archbishop of Avignon, and in

1480 became the papal legate (ambassador)

to the king of France.

Della Rovere’s ambition reached all the

way to the papal throne, and through skill-

ful diplomacy and bribery attained a pow-

erful position within the College of Cardi-

Julius II