The American Nation A History of the United States, Combined Volume (14th Edition)

The Election of 1796 163

had become a state in 1792; now, in 1796, Tennessee
was admitted. Two years later the Mississippi
Territory was organized, and at the end of the cen-
tury, the Indiana Territory was organized as well. The
great westward flood reached full tide.

Washington’s Farewell

Settlement of western problems did not, however, put
an end to partisan strife. Even the sainted Washington
was neither immune to attack nor entirely above the
battle. On questions of finance and foreign policy he
usually sided with Hamilton and thus increasingly
incurred the anger of the Jeffersonians. But he was,
after all, a Virginian. Only the most rabid partisan
could think him a tool of northern commercial inter-
ests. He remained as he intended himself to be, a
symbol of national unity. But he was determined to
put away the cares of office at the end of his second
term. In September 1796 he announced his retire-
ment in aFarewell Addressto the nation.
Washington found the acrimonious rivalry
between Federalists and Republicans most disturbing.
Hamilton advocated national unity, yet he seemed pre-

pared to smash any individual or faction that disagreed

with his vision of the country’s future. Jefferson had

risked his neck for independence, but he opposed the

economic development needed to make America

strong enough to defend that independence.

Washington was less brilliant than either Hamilton or

Jefferson, but wiser. He appreciated how important it

was that the new nation should remain at peace with

the rest of the world and with itself. In his farewell he

deplored the “baneful effects of the spirit of party” that

led honest people to use unscrupulous means to win a

mean advantage over fellow Americans. He tried to

show how the North benefited from the prosperity of

the South, the South from that of the North, and the

East and West also in reciprocal fashion.

Washington urged the people to avoid both

“inveterate antipathies” and “passionate attachments”

to any foreign nation. Nothing had alarmed him more

than the sight of Americans dividing into “French” and

“English” factions. Furthermore, France had repeat-

edly interfered in American domestic affairs. “Against

the insidious wiles of foreign influence,” Washington

now warned, “the jealousy of a free people ought to be

constantly awake.” America should develop its foreign

trade but steer clear of foreign political connections as

far as possible. “Permanent alliances” should be

avoided, although “temporary alliances for extraordi-

nary emergencies” might sometimes be useful.

George Washington, Farewell Addressat

myhistorylab.com

The Election of 1796

Washington’s Farewell Address was destined to have a

long and important influence on American thinking,

but its immediate impact was small. He had intended

ReadtheDocument

George Washington becomes myth—part Moses, part angel—
within a year of his death in 1801.
Source: ©2009 Peabody Essex Museum. Photograph by Mark Sexton.

The George Washington Bridge over the Hudson is among the

innumerable places that honor the first president of the United States.