The American Nation A History of the United States, Combined Volume (14th Edition)

430 Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the South

Table 15.1 Two Phases of Reconstruction: 1863–1877

Phase Measure Consequence

1. Presidential Reconstruction:
   Accommodation with
   white South

Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan (1863) Re-admits Southern states when

10 percent of 1860 voters profess

loyalty to Union

Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Retains 10 percent “easy-admission”

policy

Andrew Johnson pardons many Confederates

and recommends admission of all former

Confederate states

By 1866, all southern states

are readmitted

Southern states pass Black Codes

(1864–1865) sharply restricting rights of

former slaves

Outrages Republicans

2. Radical Reconstruction:
   Republicans gain power
   in Congress

Thirteenth Amendment (1865) Ends Slavery

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) established as

branch of war department

Promotes education and economic

opportunities for former slaves and

destitute whites

Congress passes Civil Rights Act over

Johnson’s veto (1866)

Republicans in Congress

dominate federal government

Washington

Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divides South into five military dis-

tricts, each under command of

Union general

Tenure of Office Act (1867) Prohibits president from removing

high officials

Johnson impeached for firing Secretary of

State Stanton

Johnson is tried but not removed

from office

Fourteenth Amendment (passed 1866,

ratified 1868)

Requires that all citizens have “equal

protection” of laws

Republican Grant elected president (1868) Further increases Republican

domination

Fifteenth Amendment (passed 1869,

ratified 1870)

Prohibits voting restrictions on basis

of race

Force Acts (1870-1871) Federal control of elections in South