1378 Ciompi revolt in Florence
1378–1417 Great Schism of the papacy
1381 Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
c.1390–1441 Jan van Eyck
1414–1418 Council of Constance
1429 Jeanne d’Arc leads French army to victory at Orléans
1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
1444–1446, 1451–1481 Rule of Mehmed II the Conqueror, Ottoman
sultan
c.1450 Gutenberg invents the printing press
1452–1519 Leonardo da Vinci
1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople; end of Byzantine Empire
1454 Peace of Lodi in Northern Italy
1455–1487 Wars of the Roses
1477 Battle of Nancy; end of the Burgundian state
1492 Conquest of Granada; expulsion of Jews from Spain; first trans-
Atlantic voyage of Columbus
