Index
Page numbers for illustrations are in italics.
Aachen, 98 , 106 , 211. See also Otto III, king and emp.
Gospels (c.996), 147 , 147
Abbasid caliphate/Abbasids, 79 , 87 –89, 93 , 102 , 123 125–26. See also names of individual caliphs
‘Abd al-Malik, caliph (r.685–705), 56
Abd al-Rahman I, emir, 93
Abd al-Rahman III, caliph (r.912–961), 93 , 125
Abelard, Peter (1079–1142), 178 –79
Sic et non (Yes and No), 179 , 266
Abu Huraira, 92
Abu Nuwas (d.813/815), 91
Abu-Bakr, caliph, 56
Acre, 243
adab, 91 , 216. See also literature, Islamic
Adrian IV, pope, 209
Adrianople, battle of (378), 23
Adriatic Sea, 98 , 212
Æthelstan, king (r.924–939), 137 –38
Africa, 123 , 126 , 247 , 323 , 329. See also North Africa
agriculture. See economy, rural
aids, 174 , 205
definition of, 330
Akhtal, al- (c.640–710), 56
Alans, 23
Alaric, Visigothic leader (d.410), 23
Alba. See Scotland
Alberti, Leon Battista
On Painting, 307
Albertus Magnus (c.1200–1280), 266
Albigensians, 232 , 234. See also Crusade/Crusades
Alcuin (d.804), 98 , 105 –6
Alexander II, pope (1061–1073), 167 , 170 , 175