299 –300, 306 , 314 , 323
economic contraction, 300 –1
fairs/markets, 132 , 135 , 161 , 170 , 247 , 278 –79
gift, 61 , 129 , 165 , 178 , 204 , 278
Iraqi, 123
money, 4 , 44 , 61 , 132 , 247 –48
rural, 22 , 44 , 58 –59, 61 91, 102 –3, 131 –33, 157 , 160 , 163 , 189 , 201 , 214 , 276 –78
urban, 41 –44, 119 , 134 –35, 160 –64, 247 , 258
Edessa. See also Crusader States
County of, 171 –73, 198
education. See also liberal arts; names of individual scholars; scholastics/scholasticism
Brethren of the Common Life, 322
Byzantine, 44 , 83 –84
Carolingian, 105 –6
Islamic, 57 , 158 , 314
Roman, 6
schools/schooling, 9 , 28 , 58 , 65 , 125 –26, 141 , 144 , 175 , 178 –81, 208 , 220 , 228 , 231 , 265 –66
students, 158 , 178 –79, 219 –20, 265 , 268 , 270
synagogue, 170
teachers (masters), 83 , 105 , 117 , 126 , 144 , 178 , 219 –20, 265
in twelfth century, 179
universities, 179 , 213 , 219 –20, 231 , 236 –37, 258 , 265 , 279 , 329. See also names of individual
universities (by city)
Edward the Confessor, king of England (r.1042–1066), 174
Edward I, king of England (r.1272–1307), 250 , 254 , 258 –59
Statute of the Jewry, 250
Edward III, king of England (r.1327–1377) 284, 289 , 295 , 299
Statute of Laborers (1351), 284
Egbert, archbishop of Trier (r.977–993), 144
Egbert Codex (985–990)
Raising of Lazarus, 142 , 143 –44
Egypt, 20 , 41 , 43 , 83 , 87 –89, 125 , 127 , 197 –98, 200
Einhard (d.840)
Life of Charlemagne, 97 –99
Elbe River, 140 , 235
Eliezer ben Nathan, 171
emotion/emotions, 189 , 229 , 232 , 267 , 270 , 275 , 286 , 305