Ulfila, Gothic bishop (311–c.382), 8 , 25
Umar, caliph, 56
Umayyad caliphate/Umayyads, 56 –57, 79 , 87 –88, 123. See also Andalus, al-/Andalusia
rulers of Spain, 93 , 123 , 125
ummah, 52 –53
Unam sanctam (1302) (Boniface VIII), 259
universities. See education
Urban II, pope (1088–1099), 170
Urban VI, pope (1378–1389), 301 –2
Urraca, queen of Castile and León (r.1109–1126), 175
Uthman, caliph, 56
Utraquism. See Eucharist
Utrecht Psalter (c.820–835), 109 , 111
Vaclav II, king of Bohemia (r.1283–1305), 258
Valens, Roman emp. (r.364–378), 23
Valois, 289 , 292 , 297
genealogy, 291
van Artevelde, Jacob (d.1345), 299
van der Weyden, Rogier
Columba Altarpiece, 317 –20, 318 –19
van Eyck, Jan (c.1390–1441)
Man in a Red Turban, 320 , 321
Vandals, 23 , 34
Varangian Guard, 119 , 138
vassal/vassals, 125 , 131 –34, 172 , 214 , 216 , 235 , 324
Bohemian, 145
Capetian, 145 , 176 –78
Carolingian, 98
in Crusader States, 172 –73
English thegns, 138
English, 203 , 205 , 207
French, 255
iqta-holders, 125
Norman, 167 , 174
vassalage, 131 –34, 145 , 148 , 236 , 329. See also fealty; fief/feudalism; homage
Venice, 163 , 212 –13, 236 , 243 , 245 , 247 , 278 , 297 , 307 , 314