178

PART TWO

1823 Rise of liberal republics in independent Spanish

America

1829–1852 Establishment of Juan Manuel de Rosas’s Conservative

rule in Argentina

1830 Establishment of Conservative rule in Chile under infl u-

ence of Diego Portales

1835–1837 Revolution of Ragamuffi ns in Brazil and popular pro-

tests against aristocratic rule and slavery

1838 Destruction of liberal United Provinces of Central

America and consolidation of Conservative rule under

Rafael Carrera

1839–1852 Spread of slave revolts throughout Venezuela, prompt-

ing legal abolition of slavery in 1854

1844 Spread of slave rebellions across Cuba, some led by

enslaved Africo-Cuban women

1846–1848 United States invasion of Mexico, Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo, and surrender of half its territory

1854–1862 War of the Reform, pitting Mexican Liberals led by

Benito Juárez against Conservatives

1860s Expansion of abolitionist movement and agitation

against the emperor in Brazil

1862–1868 French intervention and occupation of Mexico under

Emperor Ferdinand Maximilian

1864 War of Triple Alliance and destruction of two decades of

Paraguayan development initiated by Dr. José Gáspar

de Francia

1868–1878 Ten Years’ War, seeking abolition of slavery and politi-

cal independence for Cuba and Puerto Rico

1870–1900 Expansion of foreign investment and rise of Liberal

caudillos like Antonio Guzmán Blanco in Venezuela

(1870–1899), Porfi rio Díaz in Mexico (1876–1910),

Rafael Núñez in Colombia (1879–1888), and Julio

Roca in Argentina (1880–1904)

1871 Passage of Rio Branco law in Brazil, manumitting new-

born slave children but requiring them to remain with

their masters until age twenty-one

1880 Abolition of slavery in Cuba and establishment of patro-

nato, an eight-year apprenticeship for liberated slaves

1889 Overthrow of Dom Pedro II and establishment of Brazil-

ian Republic