G–6 GLOSSARY
working-class youth gathered to listen to coun-
tercultural music and share their collective dis-
dain for Mexico’s authoritarian and patriarchal
government.Huasipungo Serfl ike labor system in Ecuador
that bound indigenous people to hacienda lands
where they worked in perpetuity in exchange
for access to small plots of land on which they
produced subsistence crops.
Hyperurbanization The process whereby na-
tional populations become concentrated in one
city, usually the capital, as a result of internal mi-
gration and limited, localized industrialization.
Import-substitution industrialization A state-
centered strategy of national development that
encouraged the growth of national industry
by using high protective tariffs and other fi scal
policies to discourage foreign manufactured
imports.
Indígenas Individuals whose customs, traditions,
dress, or physical features identifi ed them as de-
scendants of peoples indigenous to the Ameri-
cas before the arrival of Europeans.
Indigenismo A counterhegemonic developmen-
tal ideology that, in contrast to the racist doc-
trine of white supremacy, celebrated the cultural
achievements of past indigenous American civi-
lizations and invoked their legacy of resistance
to oppression as the foundation for an authentic
national development.
Inquilino A Chilean tenant farmer.
Jipitecos Mexican or foreign youth who identifi ed
with “hippie” counterculture, rejected the com-
mercialism associated with modernity, and em-
ulated the traditional lifestyles of impoverished
indigenous peoples.
Jóvenes desvinculados Literally “disconnected
youth,” these are alienated young Cubans who
are not employed or enrolled in school and
therefore make no positive contributions to
Cuban society.
Juntas de manumisión In Gran Colombia, these
were committees composed of local notables—
many sympathetic to slavery—who were re-
sponsible for collecting tax monies necessary
to pay slave owners compensation for eman-
cipation and for prioritizing applications for
manumission.
Justicialismo The nationalist, state-centered ide-
ology espoused by Argentina’s Juan Domingo
Perón, its basic elements were Christian hu-
manism, a balance between individual and
community rights, subordination of capital to
the “national economy” and “social welfare,”
and “adequate distribution of Social Justice.”
Kuraka See Curaca.
Ladino Generally, any person who adopts cus-
toms and traditions alien to his own cultural
birthright. Depending on the context, this may
refer to (1) Hispanicized people of Jewish, indig-
enous American, or African descent who em-
braced Christianity; (2) landless free laborers,
born of mixed-race parentage, who embraced
the cultural traditions of creole aristocrats; or
(3) especially in contemporary Central Amer-
ica, mixed-race peoples who identify as “white”
to distinguish themselves from indigenous
peoples.
Laissez-faire The liberal philosophy that in-
dividual liberty requires the absence of state
regulation and celebrates free markets as the
most effi cient means of promoting national
development.
Latifundio The system of large landholdings,
feudal in its origins, that has dominated Latin
America since the colonial period.
Libertos Literally “freed,” these were formerly
enslaved Africans or their descendants who
secured their freedom either through self-
purchase or manumission but were deprived
of equal citizenship rights.
Libretas Literally “little books,” these were the
passbooks that peasants and indigenous peoples
generally had to carry with them to document
their annual labor on commercial plantations,
which was required by law.
Limpieza de sangre Literally “cleanliness of
blood,” this grew out of the racial hierarchy that