Writing Academic English 4th Edition

Step 1 Underlinethepartofthesentencethatstatesaneffect.

Step 2 Circlethewordorwordsthatintroducetheeffect.

Step 3 Beabletodiscusstheuseofeachwordorphrasethatyouhave

circled.Whatkindofgrammaticalstructurefollowseachone?Howis

thesentencepunctuated?

5. HollywoodmoviesareknownfortheirspecialeffectsbecauseU.S.
   audiencesseemtodemandthem.


6. SinceEuropeanaudiencesseemtoprefermoviesthatexplorepsychologi-
   calorphilosophicalissues,Europeanmoviesaregenerallyquieterand
   morethought-provoking.


7. Smogresultsfromchemicalairpollutantsbeingtrappedundera layer
   ofwarmair.


8. John'spromotionistheresultofhisbrilliantmanagementskillsand
   companyloyalty.


9. Littleisknownaboutlifeontheoceanfloor,forscientistshaveonly
   recentlydevelopedthetechnologytoexploreit.


10. Holesarecreatedintheprotectiveozonelayerofthestratosphereas
    a resultoftheburningoffossilfuels.

EffectSignalWords..

Recognizing

EffedSigl10l

Words

i<u

, <•...

•••• vvu,...'". ., i, <

asaresult Workersbuildingthenewtranscontinentalrailroadneededmeat;asaresult/asa

asaconsequence consequence/therefore/thus/consequently/hence,hunterskilledbisonbythe

therefore thousands.

thus Note:Noticethedifferencebetweenasaresultandasaresultof.Asaresult

consequently is followedbya fullsentence(independentclause)andintroducesaneffect.

hence Asaresultofis followedbya nounphraseandintroducesa clause.

I.·· Coordinator§ .........

so NativeAmericansbegantradingbisonskinstothesettlersforsteelknivesandguns,

sotheybegankillingbisoninlargernumbers.

Other§

••••••

toresultin Lossofhabitatandoverhuntingresultedin/causedthenearextinctionofbison.

tocause

tohaveaneffecton Thereducednumbersofbisonhadaterribleeffecton/affectedthelivesofthe

toaffect NativeAmericanswhohaddependedonthemforsurvival.

thecauseof Therescueofthebisonfromnearextinctionis a causeof/areasonforcelebration.

thereasonfor

thereby The 85 bisonthatsurvivedweregivenrefugeinYellowstoneNationalParkin1892,thereby

savingthisspeciesfromtotalextinction.

Note:Therebyismostfrequentlyusedinfrontof-ingphrases.

102 Partn IWritingan"Essay
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