Writing Academic English 4th Edition

Themostcommonlyusedparticipleformsandthetimestheyindicateareshownin

thefollowingchart.

2. Youcanforma participialphrasebyreducinganadjectiveclause.
   Theaudience,whichwaslisteningintentlytothemusic,failedtonotice
   thefire.

talked

thewoundedsoldier

theboredaudience

havingtalked

talking

Havingfinished.

Afterfinishing.

ParticipialPhrases

Sincearriving ...

TimeClauses

Aftertheyhadfinished

Since!arrived

IIA nonrestrictivepaIiicipialphrasemayalsomodifyanentiresentence,in

whichcaseit comesattheendofthesentenceandis setoffbya comma.

Thebuildingcollapsed,killingthreefirefighters.

3. Participialphrasesmayalsobereducedfromtimeandreasonadverbclauses.

IIParticipialphrasesreducedfromtimeclausesmayoccupyvarious

positionsina sentence,andthetimesubordinatorsaresometimesdeleted

andsometimesretained.

Theaudience,listeningintentlytothemusic,failedtonoticethefire.

• Anonrestrictiveparticipialphrasemayprecedeorfollowthenoun
  it modifiesandis setoffbycommas.

Theaudience,listeningintentlytothemusic,failedtonoticethefire.

listeningintentlytothemusic,theaudiencefailedtonoticethefire.

IIArestrictiveparticipialphrasemustfollowthenounit modifiesandisnot

setoffbycommas.

Theaudiencefailedtonoticethefirestartingtosmolderlintheback

oftheauditorium.

General:notimeindicated

Perfect:timebeforethatofthemainverb

'smolder:bumwithoutflame

ParticipleForms

Theaudiencewasboredbythespeaker

Someparticiplesarefrompassivevoiceverbs:

Thesoldierwaswounded.

262 PartUl ISentenceStructure