Dance Anatomy & Kinesiology

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TABLE 6.3 Summary of Attachments and Primary Actions of Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

Muscle Proximal attachment(s) Distal attachment(s) Primary action(s)

Dorsal aspect

Extensor hallucis

brevis

Lateral portion of dorsal

surface of calcaneus

Dorsal surface of base of

distal phalanx of great toe

Extension of MTP joint of great

toe

Extensor digitorum

brevis

Lateral portion of dorsal

surface of calcaneus

Tendons of extensor

digitorum longus (toes 2-4)

Extension of MTP and IP joints

of toes 2-4

Plantar aspect

First layer

Abductor hallucis Tuberosity of calcaneus

Plantar aponeurosis

Medial side of base of

proximal phalanx of great

toe

Abduction and flexion of MTP

joint of great toe

Flexor digitorum

brevis

Tuberosity of calcaneus

Plantar aponeurosis

Both sides of middle

phalanges of toes 2-5

Flexion of MTP and proximal IP

joints of toes 2-5

Abductor digiti

minimi brevis

Tuberosity of calcaneus

Plantar aponeurosis

Lateral side of base of

proximal phalanx of fifth

toe

Abduction of MTP joint of toe 5

Flexion of proximal IP joint of

toe 5

Second layer

Quadratus plantae Two heads:

Medial surface

Lateral margin of plantar

surface of calcaneus

Tendons of flexor digitorum

longus

Assists flexor digitorum longus

with flexion of distal IP joints of

toes 2-5

Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum

longus

Medial aspect of expansion

over toes 2-5

Flexion of MTP joints of toes 2-5

Extension of proximal and

distal IP joints of toes 2-5

Third layer

Flexor hallucis

brevis

Plantar surfaces of cuboid

and lateral cuneiforms

Both sides of base of prox-

imal phalanx of great toe

Flexion of MTP joint of great toe

Adductor hallucis Oblique head: bases of

metatarsals 2-4

Transverse head:

plantar ligaments of

metatarsophalangeal joints

Tendons of both heads

attach to lateral side of

base of proximal phalanx of

great toe

Adduction of MTP joint of great

toe

Flexion of MTP joint of great toe

Assists in support of trans-

verse metatarsal arch of foot

Flexor digiti minimi

brevis

Base of fifth metatarsal Base of proximal phalanx of

fifth toe

Flexion of MTP joint of toe 5

Fourth layer

Plantar interossei

(three muscles)

Bases and medial sides of

metatarsals 3-5

Medial sides of proximal

phalanges of toes 3-5

and tendons of extensor

digitorum longus

Adduction of toes 3-5

Flexion of MTP joints of toes 3-5

Extension of distal IP joints of

toes 3-5

Dorsal interossei

(four muscles)

Adjacent sides of

metatarsals 1-5

First: medial side of proximal

phalanx of second toe

Second to fourth: lateral

sides of toes 2-4 and

tendons of extensor

digitorum longus

Abduction of MTP joints of toes

2-4

Flexion of MTP joints of toes

2-4

Extension of distal IP joints of

toes 2-4

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