Dance Anatomy & Kinesiology

414 Dance Anatomy and Kinesiology

Due to the asymmetrical shape of the trochlea

and the fact that the axis of the elbow joint angles

slightly downward as it runs medially, the carrying

angle decreases or even reverses when the elbow is

flexed from anatomical position. One study showed

a change from an average of 10° of valgus (lateral

angulation of forearm relative to longitudinal axis

of humerus) with the elbow fully extended to 8°

of varus (medial angulation of forearm relative to

longitudinal axis of humerus) with the elbow in full

flexion. This is important to keep in mind when

doing elbow flexion or extension strengthening

exercises, and for most dancers, one should allow

the forearm to deviate laterally versus trying to force

the forearm to stay in line with the humerus when

the elbow extends.

Elbow Hyperextension

While elbow flexion is often limited by contact of

the soft tissues of the arm and forearm, extension

can be limited by tightness of opposing ligaments

or muscles, or by contact of the olecranon process

of the ulna with the humerus. However, the point at

which the elbow stops when it extends is quite variable

FIGURE 7.37 Movements of the (A) elbow joint (flexion-

extension) and (B) radioulnar joints (pronation-supination).

FIGURE 7.38 Medial view of the elbow showing cap-

sule and medial ligaments (right elbow).

FIGURE 7.39 Carrying angle (right arm, anterior view).