475
Corrective measuresJoint alignment/
technique problem
(Common terminology) Strengthen Stretch Mechanics Sample cues
Hip
Not achieving or
maintaining hip external
rotation
(Losing turnout)
Deep outward
rotators
(examples: table
4.5, M-O, pp.
219-220)Hip internal
rotators, hip joint
capsule, and
anterior ligaments
(example: figure
3.42, p. 126)
Hip flexors
(example: table
4.7A, p. 224)
Hip adductors
(example: table
4.7J, p. 228)Emphasize use of the lower
DOR to keep the femur
externally rotated in the
acetabulum, particularly
when extending the knees.Bring the greater
trochanter toward the sitz
bones, and wrap the back
of the thigh inward.Knee
Valgus position of knee
(Knees facing inward,
knees falling inside feet)
Deep outward
rotators
(examples: table
4.5, M-O,
pp. 219-220)Hip internal
rotators (if
indicated)
(example: figure
4.32, p. 198)Prevent internal rotation of
the femur or tibia relative
to the foot via contraction
of the hip external rotators,
knee external rotators, or
positioning of the foot.Maintain rotation at the
hip, and guide the knee
over the foot during knee
flexion.Knee hyperextension
(Pressing knees back,
locking knees)
Quadriceps
(examples: table
5.3, C and D,
pp. 275-276)
Hamstrings
(example: table
5.3F, p. 277)
Deep outward
rotators
(examples: table
4.5, N and O,
p. 220)Use the DOR to limit internal
rotation of the femur
associated with the final
stages of knee extension,
or stop knee extension
before hyperextension
via co-contraction of the
hamstrings and quadriceps
or relative positioning of body
segments.Keep the knees facing
forward and just in front
of the ankle bones (lateral
malleoli) as the knees
extend.Ankle-foot
Excessive pronation
(Rolling in)
Foot inverters
(examples:
table 6.6, E-G,
pp. 346-347)Triceps surae
(examples:
table 6.8, A-D,
pp. 356-357)Maintain adequate rotation
at the hip, and contract the
biceps femoris as needed to
prevent undesired internal
rotation of the tibia and
associated pronation. Use
the foot inverters to limit
pronation, and keep adequate
weight on the lateral
metatarsal heads (toes).Lift up the inner border
of the foot to achieve
a neutral position of
the foot and maintain
appropriate rotation at the
hip for proper knee-foot
alignment.Excessive supination
(Rolling out)
Foot everters
(examples: table
6.6, H and I,
p. 348)Avoid excessive rotation of
the tibia or varus position
of the knee and associated
supination. Maintain
adequate weight on the
hallux.Lift up the outer border
of the foot to achieve a
neutral position of the foot
and maintain appropriate
knee-foot alignment.(continued)