Public Speaking

288 Glossary

clarification questions requests to clear up confusing
ideas
classification a method of presenting information by
explaining things that are put into categories according
to a principle
closed question request for a brief, specific answer
co-cultures subgroups of culture, characterized by mild
or profound cultural differences that coexist within the
larger culture
code switching changing from one dialect to another
cognitive dissonance theory humans seek stability or
equilibrium; when faced with inconsistency they seek
psychological balance; this may motivate them to change
in order to be consistent
cognitive effects influences on beliefs, understandings,
and other mental processes
cognitive modification identifying negative thoughts and
replacing them with positive ones
cognitive preferences the way you prefer to perceive,
reason, remember, and solve problems; it’s culturally
influenced but unique to you
collectivist cultures members of these cultures are
integrated into an in-group that protects them
throughout their lives
comments information from personal experience or
research
common ground specific areas or concerns that both
speaker and audience consider important
communication apprehension (CA) the fear or dread of
negative responses you might experience because you
speak out
communication style a culture’s preferred ways of
communicating, given its core assumptions and norms
communicative competence the ability to communicate
in a personally effective and socially appropriate
manner
comprehensive listening listening to understand
information
concrete word specific, rather than general or abstract,
term
confident style a way of speaking characterized by
effective vocal variety, fluency, gestures, and eye contact
connectives words, phrases, and sentences used to lead
from idea to idea and tie the parts of the speech together
smoothly
connotative meanings emotional overtones, related
feelings, and associations that cluster around a word
content outline formal record of your major ideas and
their relationship to one another in your speech
conversational style speaking that’s comparatively
calmer, slower, and less intense, but maintains good eye
contact and gestures
convince a persuasive purpose that targets audience beliefs
coordination arranging points into levels, giving the
points on a specific level the same basic value or weight
core cultural resources beliefs, attitudes, and values
(BAV) along with behaviors that provide a logical basis

for a culture to define what is necessary, right, doubtful,

or forbidden

correlation two things occur together, but one does not

necessarily lead to the other

cost advantages weighed against the disadvantages

creative work poem, dance, painting, writing, or other

aesthetic creation

credibility listeners’ impressions of your character,

intentions, and abilities that make you more or less

believable

criteria the standards used for making evaluations or

judgments

criteria-satisfaction pattern good for value or definition

speeches; sets forth standards for judgment or for

inclusion in a category and then shows how the proposal

meets or exceeds these standards or fits into the category

critical listening listening that requires you to reflect and

weigh the merits of messages before you accept them

critical thinking the ability to think analytically about

ideas

cultural allusion reference to historical, literary, and

religious sources that are culturally specific

culture an integrated system of learned beliefs, values,

behaviors, and norms that include visible (clothing,

food) and underlying (core beliefs, worldview)

characteristics of a society

cure the solution

cut-and-paste plagiarism copying material word for

word and then patching it together without quotation

marks or citations

cynical speakers presenting verbal or nonverbal messages

they don’t believe in an attempt to create a false image

D

debatable points disputable statement about facts of

existence or history

deductive reasoning starting with a principle (the

premise) and applying it to a specific case

deliberate fraud knowing, intentional plagiarism

delivery the verbal and nonverbal behaviors you use to

perform your speech

demagogue a polarizing speaker who appeals to audiences

more on the basis of emotion and personal charisma

than on reasoned arguments

demographic analysis identifying audiences by

populations they represent, such as age or ethnicity

demonstrated or intrinsic credibility obvious

knowledge the speaker shows during the speech

denotative meaning what a word names or identifies

diagram drawing or design that explains, rather than

realistically depicts, an object or process

dialect a variant form of a language

digital object identifier (DOI) series of numbers and

letters that locate intellectual property online

digital oratory an emerging form of public address housed

online in new media platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo,

or iReport

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