Public Speaking

38 CHAPTER^3 Ethics in a Diverse Society

on the safe side, however, the Writing Center at the University of North Carolina

counsels you to cite information that is new to you.^34 Maybe “everyone” knows the

death date of Adams and Jefferson, but if you first learn it in a specific history book,

cite that source.

Sources can be either published or unpublished. Of course, books and magazines are

considered publications, but so are paintings, websites, and movies or audio recordings.

Unpublished sources include letters and email, speeches, personal interviews, personal

photographs, class lecture notes and handouts—even papers you’ve submitted for

another class.^35

To avoid plagiarism, name each source as you deliver your speech. For example,

when you use a direct quotation, introduce it as such. When you paraphrase someone

else’s ideas, cite the originator. When you present a diagram or chart on a visual, write

the source somewhere on the visual or on a reference list at the end of the presentation.

Here are some specific examples of how speakers cited sources:

•   Published source, journal. Products can be added to shows even after they’ve initially

aired. In a February 1, 2008, article in Teacher Librarian, Keith McPherson reported

that a scene from the Friends sitcom originally showed Ross sitting at a bare table;

now a rerun shows a package of Oreo cookies in front of him.^36

•   Published source, Internet. To cite the source of a visual, Zitong provided information

in a very small font beside the image. Alternatively, she could have created a reference

list at the end of a series of visuals citing the source for each image used.

•   Unpublished source, personal conversation [by a filmmaker]. The other day my friend

Glen Basner told me that everything we’ve learned about financing films over the last

15 years we have to forget.^37

Chapter 11 describes ways to document sources on your outline. Be sure to list

your references at the end using a standard format such as MLA (Modern Language

Association) style or APA (American Psychological Association) style. Look for the latest

version of these style manuals and others that are available on the Internet or in the

reference section of your library. They show you how to cite just about any source, from

a book to a personal letter, from a DVD to a website. Many articles in your library’s

databases also show how to cite the article in a variety of formats, although you should

check each citation to make sure it meets your instructor’s criteria.^38

To provide the source for a visual aid, either (1) give credit beside the image or (2) create a final
reference list that tells the source for each image you use.

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