References 381Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.),
Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 207–283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Ekman, P. (1982). Emotion in the human face (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement.
Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O’Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K.,... & Tzavaras, A.
(1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (4), 712–717.
El-Alayli, A., Myers, C. J., Petersen, T. L., & Lystad, A. L. (2008). “I don’t mean to sound arrogant, but.. .”
The effects of using disclaimers on person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (1),
130–143.
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specifi city of emotion recognition:
A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (2), 203–235.
Ellsworth, P. C. (1994). Levels of thought and levels of emotion. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The
nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 192–196). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer &
H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings.
Motivation and Emotion, 12 (3), 271–302.
Emrich, C. G. (1999). Context effects in leadership perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25 (8),
991–1006.
Emrich, C. G., Brower, H. H., Feldman, J. M., & Garland, H. (2001). Images in words: Presidential rhetoric,
charisma, and greatness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46 , 527–557.
Endsley, M. R. (2006). Expertise and situation awareness. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich &
R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 633–651). Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
Englis, B. G. (1991). Consumer emotional reactions to television advertising and their effects on message
recall. In S. J. Agres, J. A. Edell & T. M. Dubitsky (Eds.), Emotion in advertising: Theoretical and practical
explorations (pp. 231–253). Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
Englis, B. G. (1990). Consumer emotional reactions to television advertising and their effects on message
recall. In S. J. Agres, J. A. Edell & T. M. Dubitsky (Eds.), Emotion in advertising: Theoretical and practical
explorations (pp. 231–253). New York: Quorum Books.
Englis, B. G. (1994). The role of affect in political advertising: Voter emotional responses to the nonverbal
behavior of politicians. In E. M. Clark, T. C. Brock & D. W. Stewart (Eds.), Attention, attitude, and affect
in response to advertising (pp. 223–247). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Englis, B. G., & Reid, D. (1990). Salesperson expressions of emotions infl uence personal selling outcomes.
Proceedings of the Society for Consumer Psychology, 79–83.
Engstrom, E. (1994). Effects of nonfl uencies on speaker’s credibility in newscast settings. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 78 (3, Pt. 1), 739–743.
Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit leadership theories in applied settings: Factor structure, generaliz-
ability, and stability over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (2), 293–310.
Epley, N., & Dunning, D. (2000). Feeling “holier than thou”: Are self-serving assessments produced by errors
in self-or social prediction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (6), 861–875.
Epley, N., & Dunning, D. (2004). The mixed blessing of self-knowledge in behavioral prediction. Unpub-
lished manuscript, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Epley, N., Mak, D., & Idson, L. C. (2006). Bonus or rebate? The impact of income framing on spending and
saving. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19 (3), 213–227.
Erb, H. P., Bohner, G., Rank, S., & Einwiller, S. (2002). Processing minority and majority communications: The
role of confl ict with prior attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28 (9), 1172–1182.
Erber, R., & Fiske, S. T. (1984). Outcome dependency and attention to inconsistent information. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 47 (4), 709–726.
Erev, I., & Cohen, B. L. (1990). Verbal versus numerical probabilities: Effi ciency, biases, and the preference
paradox. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45 (1), 1–18.
Erickson, B., Lind, E. A., Johnson, B. C., & O’Barr, W. M. (1978). Speech style and impression formation in
a court setting: The effects of “powerful” and “powerless” speech. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
14 (3), 266–279.
Ericsson, K. A. (2001). Protocol analysis in psychology. In N. Smelser & P. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclo-
pedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 12256–12262). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Ericsson, K. A. (2006a). Protocol analysis and expert thought: Concurrent verbalizations of thinking during
experts’ performance on representative tasks. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich & R. Hoffman