208 ChaPTER 9 StudY guide
Study guide: review and apply
Meet Your Objectives
9.1 List and describe five patterns for organizing the main ideas of a
speech.
Organizing the main ideas of your speech in a logical way will help audience
members follow, understand, and remember these ideas. For North American
audiences, the five most common patterns of organization are topical, chrono-
logical, spatial, cause and effect, and problem–solution. These patterns are
sometimes combined. Other organizational patterns may be favored in different
cultures. The principles of primacy, recency, and complexity can also help you
decide which main idea to discuss first, next, and last.
key terms
Topical organization
Primacy
Recency
ComplexityChronological
organization
Spatial organizationCause-and-effect
organization
Problem–solution
organization9.2 explain how to integrate supporting material into a speech.
You can organize the supporting material for each main idea of your speech
according to one of the five common patterns or according to such strategies as
primacy, recency, specificity, complexity, or soft-to-hard evidence.
key terms
Soft evidence
Hard evidence9.3 use verbal and nonverbal signposts to organize a speech for the ears of
others.
Previews, transitions, and summaries are three major types of signposts that can
help you communicate the organization of your speech to your audience.
key terms
Signposts
Preview
Initial preview
Internal previewTransition
Verbal transition
Nonverbal transition
SummaryFinal summary
Internal summary9.4 develop a preparation outline and speaking notes for a speech.
A preparation outline includes your carefully organized main ideas, subpoints,
and supporting material; it may also include your specific purpose, introduc-
tion, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclusion.
Write each of these elements in complete sentences and standard outline form.
Use the preparation outline to begin rehearsing your speech and to help you
revise it, if necessary.