Notes (^463)
- Roger Ailes, You Are the Message (New York: Double-
day, 1989) 37–38; Gellis Communications, “Top Tips for
Preparing and Delivering a Manuscript Speech.” 4 November
2001. http://www.gellis.com/blog/top-tips-preparing-and-
delivering-manuscript-speech; David W. Richardson,
“Delivering a Manuscript Speech,” 2013. http://www
.richspeaking.com/articles/manuscript_speech.html. - Austin-American Statesman 15 January 2007: A11.
- Eric J. Sundquist, King’s Dream (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 2009) 14. - Sundquist, King’s Dream, 2.
- Cicero, De Oratore, vol. 4, translated by E. W. Sutton
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). - Steven A. Beebe, “Eye Contact: A Nonverbal Determinant
of Speaker Credibility,” Speech Teacher 23 (January 1974):
21–25; Steven A. Beebe, “Effects of Eye Contact, Posture and
Vocal Inflection upon Credibility and Comprehension,”
Australian Scan Journal of Nonverbal Communication 7–8
(1979–1980): 57–70; Martin Cobin, “Response to Eye
Contact,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 48 (1963): 415–19. - Beebe, “Eye Contact,” 21–25.
- Khera Communications, “Business Tips for India,” More
Business, 2001. 8 June 2004 http://www.morebusness
.com/running_your_business/management/d930585271
.brc?highlightstring=Business+Tips+for+India. - Brent Filson, Executive Speeches: Tips on How to Write and
Deliver Speeches from 51 CEOs (New York: Wiley, 1994). - Albert Mehrabian, Silent Messages (Belmont: Wadsworth,
1971). - For a comprehensive review of immediacy in an instruc-
tional context, see Virginia P. Richmond, Derek R. Lange,
and James C. McCroskey, “Teacher Immediacy and the
Teacher-Student Relationship,” in Timothy P. Mottet,
Virginia P. Richmond, and James C. McCroskey, Handbook
of Instructional Communication: Rhetorical and Relational
Perspectives (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006) 167–93. - See Virginia P. Richmond, Joan Gorham, and James C.
McCroskey, “The Relationship between Selected Immediacy
Behaviors and Cognitive Learning,” in M. McLaughlin,
ed., Communication Yearbook 10 (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1987)
574–90; Joan Gorham, “The Relationship between Verbal
Teacher Immediacy Behaviors and Student Learning,”
Communication Education 37 (1988): 40–53; Diane M. Chris-
tophel, “The Relationship among Teacher Immediacy
Behaviors, Student Motivation, and Learning,” Commu-
nication Education 39 (1990): 323–40; James C. McCroskey,
Virginia P. Richmond, Aino Sallinen, Joan M. Fayer, and
Robert A. Barraclough, “A Cross-Cultural and Multi-
Behavioral Analysis of the Relationship between Nonverbal
Immediacy and Teacher Evaluation,” Communication
Education 44 (1995): 281–90; Timothy P. Mottet and Ste-
ven A. Beebe, “Relationships between Teacher Nonverbal
Immediacy, Student Emotional Response, and Perceived
Student Learning,” Communication Research Reports 19
(January 2002). - Albert Mehrabian and M. Williams, “Nonverbal Concomi-
tants of Perceived and Intended Persuasiveness,” Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (1969): 37–58. - Michael J. Beatty, “Some Effects of Posture on Speaker Cred-
ibility,” library paper, University of Central Missouri, 1973.
25. Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and S. S. Tomkins, “Facial
Affect Scoring Technique: A First Validity Study,” Semiotica
3 (1971).
26. Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen, Unmasking the Face
(Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1975); D. Keltner and
P. Ekman, “Facial Expression of Emotion,” in M. Lewis
and J. M. Haviland-Jones, eds., Handbook of Emotions (New
York: Gilford, 2000) 236–49; D. Keltner, P. Ekman, G. S.
Gonzaga, and J. Beer, “Facial Expression of Emotion,”
in R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, and H. H. Goldsmith,
eds., Handbook of Affective Sciences (New York: Oxford
(^) University Press, 2003) 415–32.
- Adapted from Lester Schilling, Voice and Diction for the
Speech Arts (San Marcos: Southwest Texas State University,
1979). - Mary M. Gill, “Accent and Stereotypes: Their Effect on
Perceptions of Teachers and Lecture Comprehension,”
Journal of Applied Communication 22 (1994): 348–61. - Kenneth K. Sereno and G. J. Hawkins, “The Effects of
Variations in Speakers’ Nonfluency upon Audience
Ratings of Attitude Toward the Speech Topic and Speakers’
Credibility,” Speech Monographs 34 (1967): 58–74; Gerald
R. Miller and M. A. Hewgill, “The Effect of Variations in
Nonfluency on Audience Ratings of Source Credibility,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech 50 (1964): 36–44; Mehrabian
and Williams, “Nonverbal Concomitants of Perceived and
Intended Persuasiveness.” - These suggestions were made by Jo Sprague and Douglas
Stuart, The Speaker’s Handbook (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1992) 331 and were based on research
by Patricia A. Porter, Margaret Grant, and Mary Draper,
Communicating Effectively in English: Oral Communication
for Non-Native Speakers (Belmont: Wadsworth, 1985). - James W. Neuliep, Intercultural Communication: A Contex-
tual Approach (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000) 247. - Stephen Lucas, The Art of Public Speaking (New York:
Random House, 1986) 231. - Research cited by Leo Fletcher, How to Design and Deliver
Speeches (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2001) 73. - “Comment,” The New Yorker 1 March 1993.
- John S. Seiter and Andrea Sandry, “Pierced for Success?:
The Effects of Ear and Nose Piercing on Perceptions of Job
Candidates’ Credibility, Attractiveness, and Hirability,”
Communication Research Reports 20.4 (2003): 287–98. - For an excellent review of the effects of immediacy in the
classroom, see Mehrabian, Silent Messages; also see James
C. McCroskey, Aino Sallinen, Joan M. Fayer, Virginia
P. Richmond, and Robert A. Barraclough, “Nonverbal
Immediacy and Cognitive Learning: A Cross-Cultural In-
vestigation,” Communication Education 45 (1996): 200–11. - Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter, Communication
between Cultures (Stamford: Thomson Learning, 2001) 166. - William B. Gudykunst, Bridging Differences: Effective
Intergroup Communication (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1998) 12. - Kent E. Menzel and Lori J. Carrell, “The Relationship
between Preparation and Performance in Public Speaking,”
Communication Education 43 (1994): 17–26; Tony E. Smith
and Ann Bainbridge Frymier, “Get ‘Real’: Does Practicing
Speeches Before an Audience Improve Performance?”
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