Public Speaking Handbook

Index (^491)
definitions as, 168–169
descriptions as, 167–168
explanations as, 167–168
illustrations as, 165–166
for informative speeches, 338
integrating, 191–194
interesting, 36–37
from Internet, 155–158
from interviews, 160–162
from online databases, 158–159
opinions as, 173–176
from personal knowledge and experience,
154–155
for persuasive speeches, 367
research strategies for, 162–164
statistics as, 170–173
from traditional library holdings, 159–160
visual, 37
Surprise, to maintain interest of audience,
330–332
Surveys
in audience analysis, 100–101
postspeech, 126
Suspension, 247, 250
Syllogisms, 379
Symbols, 85
Symposia, 416
T
Target audience, focusing on, 112–113
Task leaders, 442
Task-oriented listeners, 78
Teams, 435–440
problem solving in, 436–440
Technology
presentation aids and, 311
for speaking notes, 205–206
Terminal credibility, 375
Testimony
expert, 174
lay, 174
reluctant, 384
Theses. See Central ideas
Thinking
critical, 3–4, 82
reflective, 437
Thomas, Helen, 53
Time
in audience analysis, 117–118
chronological organization and, 186–187
Timing, effective, 273
Toasts, 421–422
Socioeconomic status, in audience analysis,
110–111
Soft evidence, 193–194
Source, in communication process, 5
Sources
acknowledging, 59–60
citing correctly, 60–61
primary, 171
secondary, 171
unbiased, 171
Spatial organization, 187–188
Speaking notes, 199, 205–207
Specific purpose, 34–35, 141–143
Specificity, organizing by, 193
“Speech acts,” 53
Speech rate, 72, 271, 273
Speech topics. See Topics
Speeches. See also Public speaking; specific
types of speeches
canons for preparing and presenting, 10
preceding, references to, 223–224
Spiegelhalter, David, 429
Spooner, William, 429
Spoonerisms, 429
Springsteen, Bruce, 424
Stacks, 160
Standard American English (SAE), 242
Standard outline form, 200–201, 206
Starks, Cynthia, 189, 222
Startling facts or statistics, in introductions, 218
Stationary microphones, 275
Statistics
as evidence, 384
in introductions, 217–218
as supporting material, 170–173
Stereotypes, avoiding, 107
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 188
Stewart, Jon, 273
Stories
evidence to tell, 385
humorous, 429
to maintain audience attention, 329–330
Streisand, Barbra, 16
Style, 10, 42
Subjects of speeches. See Topics
Substitution, gestures for, 265
Success, visualizing, 23–24, 282
Summaries, 197–198
Summarizing, in conclusions, 228–229
Supporting material, 36–38, 153–179
analogies as, 169–170
best, determining, 176–177
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